[This corrects the article doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0190-2024].

In 2022, Mato Grosso (MT, Brazil) reported the highest detection rate of new leprosy cases (66.20 per 100,000 inhabitants) among all Brazilian states. Monitoring of leprosy indicators is an important control strategy in hyperendemic areas. We aimed to describe the temporal trends and identify clusters of municipalities according to leprosy surveillance indicators in MT between 2008 and 2022.

Rabies is a zoonosis usually transmitted to mammals via contact between the saliva of infected animals and either the skin or mucosa of the attacked individual, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the only way to avoid the disease. This study aimed to perform a descriptive analysis of PEP after attacks by dogs and cats in the state of São Paulo.

A 34-year-old man developed severe envenomation after being bitten by a Crotalus durissus (rattlesnake), which was treated with anticrotalic serum. Three weeks later, the patient reported paresthesia and neuropathic pain in the left hand, which had progressed to all four limbs. Electroneuromyography revealed asymmetric axonal sensorimotor multiple mononeuropathy. The patient was treated with prednisone, and six months later there was significant improvement in sensorimotor conduction. This is the first reported case of multiple mononeuropathy associated with C. durissus envenomation. Post-snake envenomation peripheral neuropathy is a rare complication requiring prompt recognition and treatment to optimize nerve function and enhance patient outcomes.

Chagas disease cardiomyopathy is characterized by intense immune activation, with double-negative (DN) T cells as key producers of inflammatory cytokines. CD1d is an antigen-presenting molecule involved in the activation of DN T cells.

Few studies in routine settings have confirmed the high accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for detecting rifampicin resistance (RR) and the first-line probe assay (FL-LPA) for detecting both RR and isoniazid resistance (INHR).

In this review, we discuss dengue surveillance, prevention, and control measures in Brazil. Data on dengue epidemics between 2000 and 2024 indicates an increase in the number of dengue cases and deaths. Global climate change is a key driver of this growth. Over the past 25 years, nearly 18 million Brazilians have been infected with the dengue virus, and the highest number of dengue cases in Brazil's history is projected to reach 2024. Dengue mortality in Brazil increased geographically over time. As of June, there were approximately 6 million probable cases and 4,000 confirmed deaths in Brazil, which represents the greatest dengue epidemic to date. Several technologies have been developed to control Aedes aegypti, including the deployment of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, indoor residual spraying, sterile insect techniques, and mosquito-disseminated insecticides. The Ministry of Health recommends integrating these technologies into health services. Brazil is the first country to incorporate the Takeda vaccine into its public health system, and the Butantan vaccine is currently undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials. Increasing the vaccination coverage and implementing novel Ae. aegypti control technologies could reduce the number of dengue cases in Brazil in the coming years. Community activities such as home cleaning and elimination of potential mosquito breeding sites, facilitated by social media and health education initiatives, must continue to achieve this reduction. Ultimately, a multisectoral approach encompassing sanitary improvements, mosquito control, vaccination, and community mobilization is crucial in the fight against dengue epidemics.

This study aimed to identify COVID-19 cases among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Brazil in 2020, describe their clinical, sociodemographic, and epidemiological profiles, and evaluate the factors associated with disease severity.

Malaria is an acute febrile parasitic disease that significantly impacts global public health. In Brazil, the most studied endemic area for the disease is the Amazon region. This study aims to analyze temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal patterns of malaria in the extra-Amazon region of Brazil over a 22-year period.

Rickettsiosis is a disease caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Rickettsia, and is a potentially fatal zoonotic disease of great medical and veterinary importance. Given the urgent need to develop new diagnostic methods for detecting this disease, the present review aimed to evaluate the number of publications dedicated to the identification of Rickettsia spp. in human samples using molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction and its variations. To this end, a bibliographical survey covering articles published in the past ten years was conducted using the PudMed platform with the keywords "spotted fever" and "Rickettsia," both combined with "diagnosis." A growing number of publications in this area reflects an increasing interest in research, especially since 2015. From 2015 to February 2024, several promising results were tested and many studies were able to detect the genetic sequences of interest. Therefore, the absence of a standard diagnosis method highlights the critical need for developing an effective technique capable of accurately detecting the etiological agent and ensuring accurate diagnosis of the disease.

Chromoblastomycosis is a skin infection caused by melanized fungi that primarily affects rural workers. This study aimed to analyze the clinical and epidemiological manifestations of chromoblastomycosis in Brazil through an extensive literature review. A review of case reports or series of cases in English and Portuguese was conducted using the SciELO, LILACS, SCOPUS, PubMed, and Web of Science databases from 1963 to 2022. A total of 46 articles involving 450 patients were identified, among which, 83.1% were male rural workers with a mean age of 52.2 years. The clinical manifestations were most commonly observed in the lower extremities (78.7%). The most frequent clinical presentations of the disease were verrucous lesions and plaques. Fonsecaea and Rhinocladiella spp. were the most common agents responsible for chromoblastomycosis. Most cured cases were treated with itraconazole, either as monotherapy or in combination with other antifungals, surgery, or cryosurgery. Chromoblastomycosis affects hundreds of rural workers in Brazil, leading to financial disabilities as well as personal and family losses. It is essential to prioritize epidemiological surveillance and ensure the early diagnosis of this disease to reveal its true prevalence, guide resource allocation, improve diagnosis, ensure early treatment, and implement preventive measures.

Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a complex disease with several clinical manifestations. Its most significant long-term complication is valvular heart damage, commonly referred to as chronic rheumatic heart disease. The risk of ARF varies globally, with over 80% of cases occurring in low- and middle-income countries, highlighting the role of socioeconomic factors. A comprehensive understanding of the risk factors associated with ARF and its clinical, genetic, and sociodemographic mediators can help clinicians identify high-risk individuals, develop effective management strategies, enhance target screening and active case-finding initiatives, and ultimately improve patient outcomes. This review aimed to provide an overview of ARF and its global burden, focusing on the established and potential risk factors associated with its development.

Chagas disease, a significant global health concern rooted in social inequalities and political oversights, remains a challenging public health issue impacting millions worldwide. The increasing detection of triatomines, the vectors of Chagas disease, in urban areas complicates the situation.

Chagas disease is a silent illness with high mortality burden in many Latin American countries, such as Brazil. Bahia has the fourth highest mortality rate in Brazil. This study analyzed the temporal trends and regional differences in the mortality rate of Chagas disease in Bahia State from 2008 to 2018.

Although canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) transmission primarily occurs through the bite of phlebotomine sand flies infected with Leishmania infantum, alternative routes may exist.

Healthcare systems are currently ill-equipped to diagnose arboviruses rapidly and efficiently or to differentiate between various viruses.

Local studies are essential to determine the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C.