Understanding the bioactive potential of plant extracts requires detailed evaluations of their chemical composition and bioactivities. This study investigated the chemical profiles, antioxidant properties, and enzyme inhibitory activities of water and methanol extracts of Ayasligil & P.H.Davis obtained via ultrasound-assisted extraction. The methanol extract displayed significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to the water extract. Chromatographic analysis revealed verbascoside and chlorogenic acid as the dominant compounds in the methanol extract, whereas the water extract contained higher levels of polar compounds like -coumaric acid. Antioxidant assays demonstrated the methanol extract's superior activity. Conversely, the water extract excelled in metal chelation. RACI values confirmed the methanol extract's overall antioxidant superiority (RACI = 0.65) over the water extract (RACI = -0.65). Enzyme inhibition assays revealed the methanol extract's stronger activity against AChE, BChE, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase whereas the water extract showed weaker inhibition. Both extracts demonstrated potential for managing oxidative stress and enzyme-related disorders but require further in vivo validation. This study highlights , particularly its methanol extract, as a promising source of natural antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors. Future research should focus on isolating individual bioactives and exploring their mechanisms of action in biological systems.

Terephthalic acid (TPA) is widely used in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics and is one of PET's degraded products. However, TPA poses environmental health risks due to its persistence and potential toxicity, and thus, it is referred to as one of the major environmental pollutants. The present study describes the application of immobilized MTCC 3951 cells for TPA biodegradation to develop a viable bioprocess. Kappa carrageenan (KC) matrix was used to immobilize the cells. The entrapment conditions were modified for maximum TPA degradation and minimum cell leakage. The entrapped cells were cryofreeze at -20 °C for 24 h, followed by thawing at 24 °C for 4 h. Cryofreezing was introduced to enhance the cell's stability and mechanical strength, required for effective reusability. The stability of the matrix was confirmed by FTIR, TGA, and FESEM. The cryofreeze entrapped cells completely degrade 5 mM TPA within 14 h of treatment. The immobilized cells could be reused for at least 10 repeated cycles without loss in degradation efficiency. The cryofreezing of immobilized cells in KC is a novel technique to enhance the system's stability. The developed bioprocess could be used efficiently to alleviate TPA pollution from the environment.

The rising demand for polyunsaturated fatty acids, coupled with the decline of traditional fish-based sources, highlights Lng2, a newly isolated thraustochytrid strain, as a promising alternative for sustainable polyunsaturated fatty acids production. Using Response Surface Methodology to optimize medium composition and culture conditions, biomass production was improved to 11.64 g/L-120% higher than previous studies-with 35% of the biomass consisting of total lipids. Of the total fatty acids, 40% corresponded to polyunsaturated fatty acids, including 27% of docosahexaenoic acid, 4% of eicosapentaenoic acid, and 7% of arachidonic acid. Alternative media, such as wastewaters from corn and fish meal processing, were also evaluated. Biomass yields in wastewaters-based media (30% v/v) were lower due to limited nutrient availability, achieving between 2.96 g/L and 2.28 g/L, with the strain showing mostly around 8% carbon and nitrogen assimilation. Morphological changes, including increased vegetative and multinucleated cells, were also observed. Lipid content decreased in wastewater-based cultures, yet PUFAs constituted 47% of total fatty acids, with EPA nearly doubling, DHA remaining stable and decreased ARA content. These results shed light on how Lng2 adapts to nutrient-limited environments and offer valuable insights for developing sustainable PUFA production using industrial by-products as alternative media.

In the present study, microbial cellulose (MC) was produced from decayed fruit waste juice as a fermentation medium using a consortium of microbes grown on vegetable and fruit waste as the inoculum. To optimize the MC yield, the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was applied. Four factors at five different levels were chosen in the design with a total of 26 experimental runs obtained from the CCD design. The optimal conditions were fruit waste extract (60% v/v), glucose concentration (0.75% w/v), inoculum size (5% v/v), and fermentation time (5 d) which displayed a 2.1-fold increase in MC yield of 21.719 g/L. The MC was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Thermogravimetric; and compared its properties to cellulose produced through other techniques. The produced MC was examined for its antioxidant properties using cyclic voltammetry (CV) displaying an anodic peak at 1.15 V. Lastly, the antimicrobial activity was tested against four different microbial strains. Among them, MC exhibited a clear zone of 7.661 ± 0.256 cm against . The results of this study concluded that decayed fruit waste juice is a sustainable and economical fermentation medium.

hemoglobin (VHb), a 15,775 Da oxygen-binding protein, enhances intracellular oxygen transfer, improves the efficiency of oxygen use, and promotes organism growth and the desired metabolite production. Researchers have investigated VHb gene expression for two decades to enhance aerobic biological processes in diverse organisms. This review examines the protein structure, biochemical characteristics, genetic structure, cellular mechanisms of activity, and protein engineering of VHb. It then assesses the impact of VHb expression on the performance improvement of bacteria, fungi, plants, and mammalian cells in various biological processes. Finally, the article specifically discusses the VHb gene expression strategies in .

Effluents are a challenge for the textile industries, as they cannot be released into the environment without proper treatment. Biodegradation has been increasingly explored as an alternative for the treatment of this type of effluent, allowing the co-production of molecules of commercial interest. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the production of enzymes lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase from textile effluent by . A response surface experimental design was developed to optimize the production of biomass, in which the independent variables were pH, carbon/nitrogen and phosphorus ratio, and the dependent variable was the production of biomass. The present work showed an activity of manganese peroxidase of 15.32 U L and lignin peroxidase of 70 U L, demonstrating that the studied process is promising for the production of ligninolytic enzymes. This work demonstrates that the fungus can tolerate the adverse conditions of real textile effluent and use it as a source of nutrients for the production of biomass. Two enzymes were produced with applications in the textile industry associated with the production of biomass. The use of wastewater from textile production for the production of peroxidases results in an unprecedented circular process.

Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid, has gained attention for its pharmacological properties and industrial uses. This study explores natural sources of UA, including , apple peels, sage, rosemary, and holy basil, while emphasizing sustainable extraction methods. Advanced techniques like Soxhlet extraction, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) are optimized to enhance yield and purity. Ethanol and methanol solvent extraction provide effective recovery, while SFE with supercritical CO increases selectivity and reduces solvent residue. EAE boosts efficiency by breaking down cell membranes, allowing sustained UA release. With antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects, UA holds promise in therapeutics and has applications in nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food preservation. However, its low water solubility and bioavailability require innovative delivery methods like dendrimers and nanoparticles. This review merges traditional and modern approaches to UA extraction, bioavailability enhancement, and sustainable use, offering new perspectives on its potential in medicine, food technology, and cosmetics.

Cheese whey (CW) represents a potential substrate in biotechnological processes due to the presence of valuable nutrients in its composition. Therefore, CW is used as a low-cost substrate in fermentation for microbial growth and the synthesis of value-added compounds, while mitigating the environmental impact that this by-product can cause. The current study aimed to obtain exopolysaccharides (EPS) by fermenting lactic acid bacteria in CW followed by optimizing production using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and evaluating the biological properties. Out of 64 isolates, sp. 133 V exhibited a high concentration with 5.58 mg/mL of EPS. With optimization using RSM, 21.74 mg/mL of EPS was obtained with temperature and fermentation time fixed at 42 °C and 22 h, respectively. The characterization of the new EPS revealed a hetero-polysaccharide consisting of galactose, glucose, mannose, arabinose, rhamnose and fucose, including proteins and uric acid in the structure. With a concentration of 2 mg/mL, the purified EPS showed good scavenging effects against DPPH (27%), ABTS (72%) and superoxide (43%), except for the hydroxyl radical (1.29%) which needs a high EPS concentration. These findings underscore the interest in using cheap residue as culture medium to produce biopolymers with potential for applications, particularly in the food and biotechnology sectors.

Probiotics are living microorganisms when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefits to the host. In the present study, a soil isolate was identified as based on the 16S rRNA sequencing. In probiotic functional characterization (), SKB/2074 produced 10 different enzymes, was stable under simulated gastric conditions (pH 2.5/1-3 hr), bile salt (0.05-0.3% w/v), and temperature (40-90 °C) conditions. SKB/2074 cells were non-hemolytic, found susceptible to the 30 antibiotics, and showed antimicrobial activity against , , and In studies, SKB/2074 demonstrated encouraging results to reverse and castor oil incited diarrhea in Wistar rats and Albino mice, respectively. Histopathological studies exhibited restoration of damaged mucosal epithelium cells and recovers veracity of goblet cells (colon). SKB/2074 exhibited immunomodulatory effects (increased immunoglobulins in blood and weight of spleen and thymus) and significant antioxidant activity (84.14%), reducing capacity and ascorbate auto-oxidation inhibition effect (95.13%). In poultry field studies, SKB/2074 significantly improved growth performance and lowered mortality rate in broiler chickens. Based on these preliminary scientific assessments SKB/2074 is likely to be used as potential probiotic and antidiarrheal agent in humans and animal healthcare.

Simultaneous extraction and purification of principal bioactive compounds, anthocyanins (ACNs), garcinol (GL), and hydroxycitric acid (HCA) from the rinds of (Kokum) fruits in a single-step using Three Liquid Phase Systems (TLPS) were investigated. Among the various phase-forming components studied, TLPS formed by n-hexane-ethanol-(NH)SO-water system was considered for partitioning GL into the n-hexane-rich top phase, ACNs into the ethanol-rich middle phase, and HCA into the aqueous salt-rich bottom phase. The present system was even able to separate carbohydrates into the bottom phase, which can be detrimental to the stability of ACNs. The effect of n-hexane, ethanol, and (NH)SO concentration on the partitioning behavior of biomolecules was analyzed. The TLPS composed of water-n-hexane-ethanol-(NH)SO could purify and extract 95.08% of ACNs, 95.33% of GL, and 67.98% of HCA in a single-step extraction process while the other extraction methods require multi-step extraction process to separate these three compounds. The effect of pH studies on the partitioning characteristics of biomolecules revealed that pH 4 is optimum and more efficient than the native pH of the system to achieve maximum yield of all the bioactive compounds.

Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) plays a critical role in alleviating oxidative stress by catalyzing the conversion of superoxide radicals into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. This review presents an in-depth analysis of the challenges and strategies involved in optimizing SOD1 production, with a focus on as an expression system. Key approaches such as the strategic selection of expression vectors, codon optimization, and the fine-tuning of fermentation parameters to maximize SOD1 yield are thoroughly explored. Advances in protein engineering, the co-expression of molecular chaperones, and the use of stabilizers and additives are also examined for their role in improving SOD1 stability and functionality. The review highlights the significant biomedical and industrial applications of overexpressed and thermostable SOD1, uncovering novel opportunities for therapeutic interventions and biotechnological innovations. Additionally, emerging technologies such as omics-based approaches, advanced protein engineering tools, and alternative host systems are discussed, offering new avenues for future research. This comprehensive review underscores the transformative potential of SOD1 optimization, positioning it at the forefront of scientific and technological advancements.

(L.) Desf., an aromatic plant, is used in various treatments in popular medicine. Especially its methanolic and aqueous extracts have many biological activities. Nanotechnology, which has pioneered important research in recent years, has also begun to be preferred in the field of health. Based on this, we aim to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticle synthesized from on antimicrobial and antibiofilm. We tried to destroy the biofilm structures responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacteria with environmentally friendly nanoparticles. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs obtained through green synthesis, was evaluated by the liquid medium microdilution method. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values of AgNPs for , and strains were determined by the microdilution method in 96-well ELISA plates. The effect of AgNPs on biofilm was performed using the crystal violet method in 96-well flat-bottom microplates. The MIC values of the four standard strains were determined to be 128 μg/mL. All standard strains showed antibiofilm effects for every concentration of AgNPs. The lowest concentration of AgNPs for inhibition the biofilm was detected as about 90% at 16 μg/mL. It was concluded that green synthesized AgNPs was effective on bacteria. In addition, this is the first study on this subject. This study may be an innovative approach to the scientific world from a herbal and bacterial perspective.

Downstream processing continues to face significant bottlenecks due to current purification technologies and improvements in upstream. Chromatography systems have been the primary method for purification due to their high yields and purities. However, the use of high-titer-producing strains has highlighted limitations in chromatographic steps, including mass transfer limitations, low capacity, and scalability issues. These challenges, combined with the growing interest in fully continuous manufacturing processes, have led to a widespread interest in alternative to affinity chromatography systems. Polyethylene glycol precipitation has been demonstrated to be a powerful, flexible, easily scalable, and titer-independent methodology for purifying therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies, achieving yields and purities comparable to chromatography systems. Furthermore, it also holds great potential for simplifying the current purification processes of new modalities and overcome current bottlenecks in downstream processing. Herein, we discuss the latest advances in polyethylene glycol precipitation as a purification technology and explore its future research directions and potential applications.

In recent years, the demand for probiotic beverages has surged, with dairy products traditionally serving as the primary sources of probiotics. However, many consumers face health issues such as lactose intolerance, milk allergies, and high cholesterol, which prevent them from consuming dairy products. This has led to the exploration of nondairy alternatives, particularly fruit juices, as carriers for probiotics. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been identified as beneficial probiotics that can be incorporated into these beverages. The inclusion of prebiotics, such as inulin and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), in fruit juices has shown promise in enhancing the growth and activity of LAB, thereby creating functional beverages that support digestive health. Despite numerous studies on fruit juice fermentation, there is limited data on the optimal pairing of probiotics and prebiotics to develop stable, nondairy functional drinks. This review underscores the potential of lactic acid fermentation and the integration of prebiotics and probiotics in fruit juices, highlighting the necessity for further research to optimize these combinations for enhanced health benefits and improved beverage stability.

is the causative agent of diphtheria, which continues to be a serious health risk to children, particularly in countries such as India. Immunization is the best way to fight this illness. Enhancing the synthesis of diphtheria toxin (DT) is essential for the production of vaccines, particularly as immunization programs advance. Pork digestion medium (PDM) was employed as the standard medium for DT production. Nevertheless, this medium has issues with contamination and batch-to-batch variation. The production of DT is extremely low in the alternative synthetic medium. Compared to synthetic media, semi-synthetic media exhibit superior performance. This study's current goal was to increase DT production through the use of the Definitive Screening Design (DSD) methodology to optimize the composition of semi-synthetic media. A total of 11 components were selected for screening of the best suitable components for DT production. NZ-amine, tryptone N1, and maltose had the highest effects on DT production out of all the nutrients that were chosen. The model accuracy is indicated by the R value of 0.9820, which enables the prediction of DT yields. The model suggests the lower concentrations of NZ-amine combined with the moderate amounts of maltose and tryptone N1 is best suitable for the higher amounts of DT yields. With optimized conditions 174 Lf/mL of DT yield was achieved in validation experiments, which is nearer to the PDM yields. According to this study, this enhanced technique, which makes use of an affordable and expandable medium, could make large-scale toxoid production feasible.

The global market is rapidly evolving, with biotechnological advances supporting production centers through innovative techniques. A key focus is on bioprocesses for extracting, purifying, and applying proteases, particularly in animal feed within the agricultural sector. Although the cost reduction may vary depending on the animal species, supplementation with proteases allows for the formulation of more cost-effective diets, improving nutrient digestibility and absorption, optimizing energy efficiency, preserving intestinal integrity, enhancing carcass quality, modulating the intestinal microbiome, and reducing nitrogen excretion. This study aimed to update on protease use in monogastric animal feed, drawing from digital databases (Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scielo) and industrial property databases (INPI). Despite the significant potential of proteases in monogastric animal nutrition, there is a lack of studies, especially on patented technologies. While their benefits are recognized, substantial investments are needed to develop new technologies and identify alternative protease sources. These advancements could enhance animal performance and strengthen Brazil's productive sector, highlighting the need for further research and innovation. The literature review showed promising results, but research is mainly focused on microbial proteases for poultry, pigs, and fish. There is significant potential to explore diverse protease production sources and their application across various species.

Monoclonal Antibody accounts for the largest share of recombinant protein drugs and is the primary choice for the treatment of various diseases. In this study, the monoclonal antibody Eptinezumab was expressed by a yeast host . Although the expression and secretion of light chain was efficient, the assembly efficiency between light and heavy chains was low. As the retention of the heavy chain in endoplasmic reticulum may trigger protein degradation, ERAD ubiquitination-related genes were then knocked out separately but it only led to minor improvement effect. Expression of splitted heavy chain variants further revealed that although endoplasmic reticulum retention of the heavy chain upregulated KAR2 expression, it did not affect the assembly efficiency of the light and heavy chains. It was inferred that binding of complete heavy chains to KAR2 spatially affected the assembly between light and heavy chains. Design and screening of KAR2 variants that facilitating full-length antibody assembly could be preferentially considered in future.

The production and extraction of microbial biopolymers face significant challenges, especially during the purification process. This study evaluated the production of pullulan under controlled conditions and its extraction using different organic solvents. Kinetic parameters such as cell growth rate, substrate consumption, biomass production and biopolymer yield were analyzed. Fermentation was conducted in a bioreactor, followed by solvent extraction of different chemical groups, including ketones, benzene, carboxylic esters, alkanes, and cycloalkanes. The production of the biopolymer started with 10 g/L after 15 hours of fermentation and reached 12 g/L at the end of the process. However, extraction using solvents such as Cyclohexane, Hexane, and Toluene was not effective due to inappropriate molecular interactions. On the other hand, Isopropyl Alcohol recovered 18.87 g/L of pullulan while Ethanol reached 12.82 g/L. Despite the higher yield with Isopropyl Alcohol, Ethanol stood out as the best alternative due to its low toxicity, reduced cost, and ease of handling. The results showed that Ethanol is optimal for the extraction process. Still, it represents a practical approach to the recovery of this biopolymer.

This study introduces a green, sustainable, and efficient approach for biotransforming sophoricoside into genistein from using by removal of one molecule of glucose by β-glucosidase, an edible microorganism immobilized on magnetic cellulose and treated with deep eutectic solvents (DES). The goal was to enhance the biotransformation ratio by optimizing reaction conditions and selecting the most suitable DES. Various DESs, including natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), were assessed for their ability to improve catalytic performance. Among them, the NADES system comprising choline chloride (CHCL) and glycerol (G) exhibited the highest catalytic efficiency (32.19 mg/g) under optimal conditions: temperature 33 °C, time 65 hours, pH 5.5, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 45:1 (mL/g). This yield was 10.60 times greater than the genistein yield from untreated . This combination notably increased cell membrane permeability, aiding the bioconversion process. The cellulose immobilization technique provided a stable and reusable microreactor and maintained microbial activity (80.37%) over 10 cycles. These findings validate the bioconversion method as a promising and sustainable strategy for genistein production from plant-derived sophoricoside, with potential applications in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

In this study, the enhancement of the phytoremediation and biosorption properties of the cationic dye methylene blue using ATCC 26774 were investigated. Inoculation with ATCC 26774 increased the length of roots by 82.3% and stems by 37.7% in the presence of 50 mg/L MB dye. Furthermore, the dried biomass of ATCC 26774 showed superior removal capacity (87.1%) of MB dye. The maximum adsorption capacities of the biomass were investigated at pH 11 (176.8 mg/g) and 0.09 g/20 ml dried biomass (120.3 mg/g), respectively. The influence of contact times (0-360 min) and initial concentrations (30.0-357.5 mg/L) on the biosorption of MB dye was also investigated. In addition, ATCC 26774 was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and point of zero charge (pH). Equilibrium biosorption isotherms and kinetics results showed a Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models that fit well for MB dye biosorption. Monolayer biosorption, intraparticle diffusion, and chemisorption are predicted to play key roles in MB dye biosorption. In conclusion, ATCC 26774 is proposed as an excellent plant growth promoting fungus and biosorbent with potential applications in the removal of cationic MB dye from the environment.

Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which mainly affects infants and children. However, there are no effective clinical drugs for the treatment of HFMD. The 3C protease (3Cpro) is an ideal drug target for antivirals, as this enzyme plays an indispensable role in virus replication. Considering the limitations of the peptide substrates used in the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay, there is an urgent need to design improved 3Cpro biosensors for assay development. In this study, we developed a genetically encoded biosensor based on a dimerization-dependent red fluorescent protein (ddRFP) system for evaluating 3Cpro inhibitors. The 3Cpro biosensor has many beneficial properties, such as economical bioproduction, a simple dual-mode readout, and a high emission wavelength. Using the 3Cpro biosensor, rupintrivir was identified as a competitive 3Cpro inhibitor . Our research highlights a promising avenue for producing 3Cpro biosensors from cells. The 3Cpro biosensor provides a reliable biochemical tool for the rapid assessment of antivirals against enterovirus infections.