Since 1901, at least 15 scholars who contributed to cardiovascular research have received a Nobel prize in physiology or medicine.

Throughout his professional life, the pathologist Albert Dietrich devoted himself to researching and combating cancer. Due to his considerable reputation and success, he was one of the first doctors to be awarded the Paracelsus Medal for his scientific services in 1952.However, Dietrich's role in the Third Reich was - and still is - far less defined. In May 1933, he became rector of the Eberhard Karls University in Tübingen, which at that time was one of the most Nazi-oriented universities. However, his term of office was short - by the end of 1933 he had already been replaced by the protestant theologian Karl Fezer.This article sheds light on Dietrich's ambivalent relationship to National Socialism and analyzes and discusses the background to his dismissal, his later (also politically influenced) emeritus status (1938/39), and his entry into the NSDAP, which took place at retirement age (1941). The study is based on archival sources partly evaluated for the first time and on a reanalysis of the relevant research literature.The study shows that Dietrich was targeted by individual Nazi decision-makers primarily because he advocated a supposedly "liberalist" university policy. Dietrich thus ultimately stands for a type of university lecturer who renounced a decidedly Nazi stance in public without, however, placing himself in a critical relationship to Nazi ideology. Against this background, statements from the postwar period that saw him retrospectively near Nazi opposition are to be classified as the formation of legends.

Throughout his professional life, the pathologist Albert Dietrich devoted himself to researching and combating cancer. Due to his considerable reputation and success, he was one of the first doctors to be awarded the Paracelsus Medal for his scientific services in 1952.However, Dietrich's role in the Third Reich was - and still is - far less defined. In May 1933, he became rector of the Eberhard Karls University in Tübingen, which at that time was one of the most Nazi-oriented universities. However, his term of office was short - by the end of 1933 he had already been replaced by the protestant theologian Karl Fezer.This article sheds light on Dietrich's ambivalent relationship to National Socialism and analyzes and discusses the background to his dismissal, his later (also politically influenced) emeritus status (1938/39), and his entry into the NSDAP, which took place at retirement age (1941). The study is based on archival sources partly evaluated for the first time and on a reanalysis of the relevant research literature.The study shows that Dietrich was targeted by individual Nazi decision-makers primarily because he advocated a supposedly "liberalist" university policy. Dietrich thus ultimately stands for a type of university lecturer who renounced a decidedly Nazi stance in public without, however, placing himself in a critical relationship to Nazi ideology. Against this background, statements from the postwar period that saw him retrospectively near Nazi opposition are to be classified as the formation of legends.

It is accepted in industries that an industrial helmet should be disposed of when it is subjected to a significant impact. There is no scientific evidence that supports this well-accepted belief. The current study was intended to evaluate the shock absorption performance of industrial helmets under repeated impacts. Common industrial or construction helmets are categorized as Type I according to ANSI Z89.1 and they are designed to mainly protect top impacts. A representative basic Type I construction helmet model was selected in the study. Helmets were repeatedly impacted ten times using a commercial drop tower tester with an impactor (mass 3.6 kg) at different drop heights from 0.30 to 2.03 m. A total of 80 impact trials were performed in the study. The relationships of the transmitted force with the drop height and with impact number were analyzed. A new parameter - the endurance limit - was proposed to evaluate the shock absorption performance of a helmet. The helmets were observed to experience cumulative structural damage with increasing impact number, resulting in a degrading shock absorption performance, when being impacted repeatedly with magnitudes greater than the endurance limit. Repeated impacts with magnitudes smaller than the endurance limit did not cause measurable cumulative structural damage to the helmets in our study.

Well-known for having created the famous Metric Scale of Intelligence along with the psychologist Alfred Binet (1857-1911), what is less known is that Théodore Simon (1873-1961) was also a major actor of the professionalization of psychiatric nurses in France. From his engaged textbook published in 1911 to his journal, explicitly titled ?L'Infirmier Psychiatrique,? which he created in 1953 via the specialized school he founded and directed between 1946 and 1957 at the Maison Blanche hospital in Neuilly-sur-Marne, Simon worked throughout his career for the acknowledgment and the training of those he considered as true partners. This is what we want to demonstrate in this paper, which redraws the forgotten career history of this militant psychiatrist in order to shine a light on his commitment to the professionalization of psychiatric nurses.

Two famous medical scientists are described whose major advances were made largely from laboratory-based research. Karl Landsteiner, who received the Nobel Prize in 1930, was the discoverer or co-discoverer of the blood groups and the Rhesus factor. He contributed to the understanding of poliomyelitis, syphilis and typhus. He made major contributions to immunology, inter alia by isolating haptens. After World War I, he left Austria and continued his work initially in the Netherlands and then at the Rockefeller Institute in the USA. Otto Loewi, a pharmacologist, received his Nobel Prize (jointly with his life-long friend, Sir Henry Dale) in 1936 for his discovery that acetylcholine was the chemical agent for the stimulation of autonomic nerves to transmit to the organs they govern. He also made numerous other contributions including the demonstration that amino acids could be converted by animals to proteins. He left Austria after the Anschluss and settled in the USA.

Severe wear and aseptic loosening in an uncemented acetabular prosthesis have been observed in a revision surgery carried out at King Edwards VII hospital by L. Taylor and P. Heaton-Adegbile, twelve years following the primary total hip replacement operation. The superior-lateral wall of the polyethylene liner and part of the titanium cup were found to be completely worn out, such that the ceramic head was in direct articulation with the titanium cup.A three-dimensional finite element model was developed. The polyethylene liner was modelled with the outer surface of the liner fully constrained to represent the much stiffer metal cup. Contact analyses were performed between the articulating surfaces under physiological loading conditions, including normal walking, climbing upstairs and downstairs, using the finite element software ANSYS. The results show high initial contact pressure along the periphery of the liner due to the oversize of the femoral head. The maximum contact pressure was found in the superior-posterior quadrant, which correlates well with the location and the direction of the wear. Both wear particles and stress shielding may have contributed to the periprosthetic bone loss and ultimately the late loosening. Reduction of the interference between the liner and the femoral head seems to be effective in the reduction of the initial contact pressure.

The Alsatian medieval chronicles report numerous examples of monstrous births; with the development of printing, fly sheets appear in order to relate exceptional phenomena. In 1652, a chair of anatomy was created; embryology and teratology, at that time solely morphological sciences, depended on anatomy. In 1670, the first anatomical theatre was built, and as early as 1672, a meticulous dissection, exceptional at that time, was performed on a thoracodymus double monster born in Strasbourg. In 1919, when the Faculty of Medicine was reorganized after Alsace was restored to France, for the first time in France, a specific chair and an institute of embryology and teratology were created. This is the beginning of the famous experimental embryology. In 1945, a chair of zoology and experimental embryology was created at the Faculty of Sciences. F. Keibel (1861-1929), P. Ancel (1873-1961), P. Vintemberger (1891-1983), J. Benoit (1896-1982), and E. Wolff, were among the famous embryologists who worked in Strasbourg.

Some historical and bibliographical elements are given at the occasion of the 350th anniversary of the foundation of the chair of anatomy at Strasbourg. Strasbourg played an important role in the dissemination of the anatomical knowledge in the end of the 15th and the first half of the 16th century. In 1517, the first official human dissection organized in Strasbourg was performed. In 1652, a specific chair of anatomy founded, and the first holder was J. A. Sebiz (1614-1685). In 1670, an anatomical lecture theatre was created. Strasbourg became a French town in 1681 with no modification of the university and of the chair of anatomy. In 1872, after the annexation of Alsace, a new German university was founded ; normal anatomy and pathology were separated and each chair attached to a particular institute. In 1919, when the Faculty of Medicine was reorganized after Alsace was restored to France, specific chairs and institutes were founded for histology and embryology. Among the famous morphologists and scientists who worked in Strasbourg were in anatomy : H. Brunschwig (?-1534), W. H. Ryff (c. 1505-1548), J. Winter von Andernach (1497-1574), T. Lauth (1758-1826), F. D. Reisseissen (1773-1828), J. F. Lobstein (1777-1835), E. A. Lauth (1803-1837), E. Koeberlé (1828-1915), E. Beaunis (1830-1921), H. D. Bouchard (1833-1899), J. G. Joessel (1838-1892), W. Waldeyer (1836-1921), G. Schwalbe (1844-1916), W. Pfitzner (1853-1903), F. Keibel (1861-1929), A. Forster (1878-1957), and P. Bellocq (1888-1962) ; in pathology : F. D. von Rechlinghausen (1833-1910), H. Chiari (1851-1916), J. G. Mönckeberg (1877-1925), P. Masson (1880-1959), and L. Géry (1883-1957) ; in histology : P. Bouin (1870-1962), M. Aron (1892-1974), R. Courrier (1895-1986), and M. Klein (1905-1975) ; in embryology : P. Ancel (1873-1961), P. Vintemberger (1891-1983), J. Benoit (1896-1982), E. Wolff (1904-1996), and J. Clavert (1912-1994).

This article examines the early career of Ellen N. La Motte (1873-1961) to trace how her training at the Johns Hopkins Training School for Nurses and years spent as a tuberculosis nurse in Baltimore shaped her perception of tuberculosis prevention and women's suffrage. Although studies of tuberculosis have frequently alluded to her work, no sustained biocritical discussion of her development as a nurse and scholar exists. Between 1902, when she graduated from nursing school, and 1914, the start of the Great War, La Motte published a textbook and dozens of articles in journals devoted to nursing and social reform and delivered many speeches at local, regional, and national meetings. In addition, as her reputation as an expert in the field of tuberculosis nursing grew, her advocacy for the vote for women increased, and she used her writing and speaking skills on behalf of the suffrage cause. This article assesses how the skills La Motte acquired during these years helped mold her into a successful and respected nurse, writer, and activist.