The incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) has increased worldwide over the last decades, mainly due to the lowering of screening thresholds, resulting in the increased identification of newborns with transient CH. Several studies have reported the prevalence and the predictive parameters of transient CH, but reports on the long-term outcome are rare. This study aimed to assess the long-term course of neonates with transient CH.

Childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk of developing (long-term) skeletal adverse effects, such as osteonecrosis, impaired bone mineral density, and fractures. This paper provides an overview of the current understanding of bone health in these survivors, examining whether it represents a significant concern. It focusses on the challenges of assessing and managing bone health in childhood cancer survivors, highlighting diagnostic pitfalls, methods for accurately identifying those at high risk, and suggested strategies for the surveillance and management of osteonecrosis and impaired bone mineral density. The need for improved surveillance strategies, particularly for high-risk survivors, alongside potential prevention and management options, including pharmacological and lifestyle interventions, is emphasised. Given the lack of consensus on optimal prevention and treatment strategies, the paper emphasises the need for further research to optimise care and improve long-term outcomes for childhood cancer survivors with bone health impairments.

Transforming growth factor beta receptor III (TGFBR3) has been shown to play a tumor-suppressive role in a variety of cancers. However, its role in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) remains unknown.

Serum prolactin measurements are important in the differential diagnosis of pituitary masses and subfertility. We observed discrepancies in serum prolactin levels in several patients measured with different immunoassays. Despite differences in assay results, the reference intervals (RIs) derived by the manufacturers were similar. In this study, we aimed to investigate prolactin assay differences and to re-establish RIs for different prolactin immunoassays.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) significantly affects pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, it is crucial to develop prediction models since they can guide timely interventions to reduce the incidence of GDM and its associated adverse effects.

It is estimated that by the year 2050, 16% of the world's population will be 65 years old and above. As the global aging population continues to grow, there is an increasing focus on thyroid disorders among older individuals. Thyrotropin is widely used in diagnosing subclinical thyroid diseases due to its high sensitivity as an indicator of changes in thyroid function. However, thyrotropin levels change with age, and different reference intervals have been proposed in various studies. The variation in thyrotropin ranges among older adults is probably caused by the heterogeneity of the studied population. This review aims to provide an overview of the existing literature on thyrotropin reference intervals in older adults and their distinction as adaptive or pathologic. Recent research indicates that older individuals may have slightly elevated levels of thyrotropin and higher upper limits of reference intervals. Therefore, a higher thyrotropin threshold for diagnosing and treating subclinical hypothyroidism in the elderly seems reasonable.

To test whether postprandial hypoglycaemia is an extreme and repeatable phenotype of glucose metabolism. Secondly, we explored the genetic determinants of this phenotype.

Somatic GNAS mutations are acknowledged as a significant etiological factor for acromegaly. However, the relationship between GNAS mutation status, clinical characteristics and gender has not been adequately investigated. This study aims to address these gaps by examining GNAS mutations and delineating the detailed clinical profile of affected patients within a Chinese acromegaly cohort.

Patients with adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) are at increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Despite extensive research efforts in recent decades, the lipid metabolism pattern of AGHD has yet to be thoroughly characterized.

To evaluate the correlation between the serum prolactin (PRL) level and carotid intimate-media thickness (CIMT) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) and carboxy-terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-I) are markers of bone metabolism. We examined the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on these markers and their relationship with growth and bone parameters in 12-month-old infants. In a randomized, double-blinded, Vitamin D intervention in infants (VIDI) study, 987 infants received daily vitamin D3 supplementation of 10 μg (Group-10) or 30 μg (Group-30) from age 2 weeks to 24 months. We conducted a secondary analysis of the original VIDI trial. At 12 months of age, P1NP (n=812) and CTX-I (n=786) concentrations were analyzed, and anthropometrics and total bone mineral content, volumetric bone mineral density, cross-sectional area and polar moment of inertia of tibia were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Growth rate in weight and length was calculated from birth to 12 months. Vitamin D dose did not influence mean (SD) levels of CTX-I (group-10: 0.90 (0.31); group-30: 0.89 (0.31) (p<0.53). Mean difference of P1NP (CI 95%) comparing group-10 with group-30 was 35 (-103, 33) ng/ml (p=0.31) in boys and -63 (-4, 130) ng/ml (p=0.064) in girls, respectively. In group-10 girls had higher mean (SD) value of P1NP (1509 (362) ng/mL) than boys (1407 (297) ng/mL) (p=0.003); no sex differences were observed in group-30 (girls: 1446 (359); boys: 1442 (359), p=0.91) or CTX-I. P1NP associated positively with growth rate in length (B (CI 95%] 0.0003 (0.0001, 0.001), p=0.022) in the whole cohort, but not in subgroups divided by intervention group nor sex, adjusted for birth size and parental heights and corrected for multiple testing. P1NP associated positively with growth rate in weight (0.01 (0.0003, 0.01), p<0.001). An inverse association was observed between CTX-I and length (cm) in the whole cohort (-0.90 (-1.40, -0.40), p=0.005) and in group-30 (-1.05 (-1.72, -0.39), p=0.011). Further, CTX-I associated negatively with weight (SDS) in the whole cohort (-0.33 (-0.55, -0.12), p=0.015) and growth rate in weight (-0.43 (-0.66, -0.20), p=0.005), persisting in group-30 and in boys, but not in group-10 or in girls. Neither marker was associated with bone parameters.The observed sex difference in P1NP might suggest that higher vitamin D dose resulted in a small decrease in bone collagen matrix formation in girls but not in boys. P1NP and CTX-I associate with growth and body size, but not with bone mineralization in infancy.

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) due to androgen receptor (AR) mutations create a spectrum of clinical presentations based on residual AR function with the mildest impairment creating mild AIS (MAIS) whose undefined molecular mechanism and subtle clinical features leave it little understood and underdiagnosed.

Curcumin's function in affecting cancer metabolic reprogramming remains poorly understood. Herein, we aimed to elucidate a novel link between Curcumin and the glucose uptake metabolism and glucose transporters (GLUTs) status in SW1736 cell line derived from anaplastic thyroid cancer.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has structural similarities with TSH and may stimulate TSH receptors at higher concentrations. During pregnancy, placental hCG causes TSH suppression, contributing to hyperemesis. However, in males, clinical manifestations caused by excess hCG are rare. Herein, we describe complications of life-threatening thyroid storm caused by paraneoplastic hCG secretion from testicular germ cell tumours (GCT) and aim to identify high-risk groups through retrospective analysis in n=20 males (aged 17-55 years) with testicular hCG-positive GCTs. Seven hCG-positive testicular GCTs were classified as seminoma, and 13 as non-seminomatous GCTs (NSGCT). In 3/7 males with seminomas (43%), serum β-hCG concentrations were mildly elevated (median: 0.3 U/L, range 0.3-82.1 U/L). In contrast, β-hCG was increased in 12/13 (92%) males with an NSCGT (median 71.1 U/L; range: 0.3-1,600,000 U/L). In 10/13 males with NSGCT (77%), we detected components of embryonal cell carcinoma (EC), and in 7/13 (54%) components of a choriocarcinoma (ChC). TSH was suppressed with high free thyroxine levels in two cases with NSCGT and excessively elevated β-hCG concentrations, but there was no TSH suppression in a further case with high β-hCG. One patient with NSGCT and high β-hCG levels presented with thyroid storm and imminent decompensation refractory to anti-thyroid treatment, requiring a total thyroidectomy. In the second patient, anti-thyroid treatment was initiated shortly after the diagnosis, successfully normalizing hyperthyroxinemia. In conclusion, paraneoplastic β-hCG production, occurring in NSGCT with components of ECs or ChCs, is a rare cause of thyrotoxicosis. Early recognition and treatment are critical to prevent a life-threatening thyroid storm.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is an important nuclear transcription factor. Previous study demonstrated that blockading STAT6 can ameliorate thyroid function by reducing serum T3 and T4. Sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) is a key protein that mediates active iodine uptake and plays an important role in regulating thyroid function. This study explored the interaction between STAT6 and NIS.

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a prevalent cause of endocrine hypertension characterized by an excess of aldosterone that can induce proinflammatory, prooxidant, and profibrotic effects on the heart. Emerging evidence indicates a heightened incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with PA, suggesting a significant association between the two conditions. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular networks associated with the development of both PA and AF.

Acquired hypothalamic obesity (HO) is a rare type of obesity caused by acquired disease-related and/or treatment-related damage to the hypothalamus, most commonly craniopharyngiomas. Effective management of HO is critical due to its significant impact on quality of life and resistance to conventional treatments. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the 12-month, 24-month and 60-month outcomes of bariatric surgery for HO caused by CPs compared with patients with common obesity (CO). Relevant studies were identified in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases until May 2024. A total of 4 matched case-control studies were included. The results indicated that bariatric surgery significantly reduced weight in patients with hypothalamic obesity (22.98±14.22/21.47 ± 9.61/19.07±16.12 %total weight loss, 12/24/60 months after surgery) but the effect was significantly less than in common obesity controls (-6.17/-6.41/-7.72 %total weight loss 12/24/60 months after surgery). Bariatric surgery can significantly reduce body weight in craniopharyngiomas-related hypothalamic obesity, but the effect is less than in matched patients with common obesity. Further studies are necessary to determine the best surgical or multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of acquired hypothalamic obesity.

Our study aimed to assess the relationship between serum adipokines and insulin resistance (IR) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as well as explore the predictive value of adipokines on IR in PCOS.

Incretin therapies, including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), are crucial for type 2 diabetes treatment. Evidence on their association with gallbladder, biliary diseases and liver injury remains inconsistent. This study evaluated the association between incretin therapies and hepatobiliary adverse events using FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) data.

Increasing numbers of pregnancies are complicated by pregestational diabetes mellitus, especially type-2 diabetes. Some studies have reported similar or greater risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with type-2 diabetes (T2DM) relative to type 1 diabetes (T1DM). We aimed to compare the risk of four pregnancy complications: pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery, macrosomia, and perinatal mortality, in pregnant women with T2DM versus T1DM in high-income countries.