Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular issue caused by diabetes. Idebenone (IDE) is a coenzyme Q10 analog and antioxidant that has been utilized in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Indole is considered the most promising scaffold for anticancer drug design due to its high bioavailability, unique chemical properties, and broad spectrum of pharmacological action.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and lethal brain tumor characterized by rapid growth, invasive behavior, and resistance to conventional therapies, such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Despite these interventions, patient survival remains poor due to the tumor's ability to recur and adapt to treatments. The function of GBM-derived exosomes (GBM-exosomes) as essential mediators in tumor growth has drawn attention in recent years. These small extracellular vesicles are involved in the transfer of a variety of molecules, including cytokines, miRNAs, proteins, and DNA, facilitating intercellular communication that promotes GBM cell proliferation, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and resistance to therapies. This review aims to provide an in- -depth examination of the mechanisms through which GBM-exosomes contribute to these pathological processes, as well as to discuss the current methodologies for isolating and characterizing GBM exosomes. Additionally, we explore the potential of exosomes as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis and as novel therapeutic targets in the fight against GBM. By improving our understanding of GBM-exosomes, we can pave the way for the development of more effective, personalized treatment strategies that may improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

To build an innovative telomere-associated scoring model to predict prognosis and treatment responsiveness in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Pressure ulcers (PUs) are caused by continuous pressure or friction on the skin that damages tissue, especially over bony prominences. A critical factor in the development and progression of PUs is poor nutritional status, which often involves deficiencies in essential nutrients such as proteins, vitamins (A, C, D, E, K, and the B complex), and trace elements (including zinc, selenium, copper, iron, and manganese). These micronutrients are vital for effective wound healing, as they play significant roles in cellular repair, immune function, and tissue regeneration. Laboratory tests for serum albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, retinol-binding protein, and anthropometric measures like height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) are used to evaluate a patient's nutritional status. Screening tools such as the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), LPZ questionnaire, and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) are commonly employed. Emerging evidence from various studies, including in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials, underscores the importance of personalized nutritional interventions in managing PUs. Unlike generic dietary plans, tailored nutrition that addresses the specific needs of individuals shows greater potential in promoting wound healing and improving clinical outcomes. This synthesis of existing research highlights the critical influence of micronutrients on the healing process of PUs. It suggests that a personalized approach to nutrition, which takes into account individual patient requirements and deficiencies, is likely to be more effective than a one-size-fits- all strategy in the management of these complex wounds.

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are responsible for the highest number of deaths and disabilities globally. Although numerous therapeutic options exist for treating CVDs, most traditional strategies have proven ineffective in halting or significantly slowing disease progression, often leading to unfavorable side effects. Using nanocarriers represents an innovative strategy for treating CVD, enabling the personalized delivery of medications to precise locations within the cardiovascular system. Despite significant advancements in pharmacological treatments, challenges persist in effectively administering drugs to the CV system. Employing nanocarriers represents an innovative strategy for treating CVD, enabling the tailored administration of medications to precise locations within the cardiovascular system. Various studies have determined the future outlook of nanomedicines for clinical applications as nanocarrier design continues to improve, leading to enhanced drug delivery and treatment outcomes. The article focuses on the delivery systems of drugs that are effective strategies for treating cardiovascular diseases. This manuscript also seeks to explore new possibilities for how the emerging concept of nanotherapeutics could revolutionize our traditional diagnostic and treatment methods in the coming years.

Infections linked to orthopedic trauma are common complications that place a significant strain on the healthcare system. Immediate identification of the infection and its severity is essential for providing effective treatment.

Globally, one of the main causes of cancer-related mortality is Colon Adenocarcinoma (COAD). In this study, a new special Immune Cell Functions (ICF) risk model was constructed using single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data to develop a new understanding and clinical applications for COAD.

The influenza virus, a well-known pathogen that causes respiratory illness, remains an important global health threat because of the significant morbidity and mortality rates of people infected with the virus annually. The influenza virus undergoes frequent antigenic variation, and with the increasing frequency of resistant influenza strains against existing antiviral drugs, there is an urgent need for the development of new anti- influenza treatment strategies. Peptides have the potential to offer high potency, selectivity, and relatively low drug resistance. As such, the design and screening of novel anti- influenza virus peptides with high potency have become increasingly important in an effort to fight global influenza epidemics. Herein, we introduce three approaches to developing anti-influenza virus peptides: discovery from natural products, library construction for antiviral peptide screening, and rational design based on functional regions of influenza viral proteins. This review summarizes recent progress in the discovery and design of anti-influenza virus peptides over the past 20 years.

Mangosteens, a prominent component of Garcinia mangostana, have been ex-tensively studied for their biological activities and structural modifications. Chemical methods, including cyclization reactions under acidic conditions, have yielded many de-rivatives, which often exhibit enhanced pharmacological properties compared to itself. Enzymatic biotransformation, such as glycosylation and oxidation mediated by fungal species and enzymes like horseradish peroxidase, have provided regioselective pathways to functionalized mangostin derivatives. These studies highlight the versatility of mangos-tin as a scaffold for designing compounds with tailored biological functions. Overall, mangosteen represents a promising platform for developing compounds with enhanced pharmacological activities, paving the way for innovative approaches in biomedicine and pharmaceutical sciences. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the chem-istry of mangosteens, detailing their total synthesis and the derivatives obtained through both chemical and enzymatic methodologies.

HCC is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality. Fibroblasts play a key role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of fibroblasts remained unclear in HCC.

Fustin, a photogenic flavanol found in the plant Rhus verniciflua Stokes, has been involved in multiple disease ailments and has a beneficial pharmacological effect and a history of use in traditional medicine. The present research aimed to study the impact of fustin on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced memory impairment and neurodegeneration by modulating neuroinflammation and neurotransmitters in rats.

Astaxanthin (AXT), a natural antioxidant recognized for its therapeutic potential in cancer and cardiovascular diseases, holds promise in mitigating adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC). Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of AXT in AIC mitigation remain to be elucidated. Consequently, this study endeavors to elucidate the mechanism of AXT against AIC, employing an integrated approach.

This review, focused on hybrid drugs, is the third in a series of reviews, where the first two reviews dealt with a) dimeric drugs, b) mutual prodrugs - codrugs. The compounds designated as hybrids are comprised of two (and sometimes three) biologically active entities, linked by metabolically stable bridges. In some cases, one of the two components of the hybrids serves as a carrier for the second component, and most frequently, the components elicit their individual biological properties, which are commonly synergistic or complementary. Due to the very large number of publications dealing with hybrid drugs, the present review is restricted to hybrids acting in the central nervous system. Future reviews will cover fields such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiviral hybrids, and cardiovascular active hybrids. The selected articles reviewed herein were published between the years 2000-2022 with partial coverage of the year 2023.

Diabetic kidney disease is a devastating diabetic complication, affecting up to half of people suffering from diabetes. The global burden of diabetic kidney disease is steadily increasing worldwide along with the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes. The epidemic rise of type 2 diabetes is primarily observed in Asia, including the East Asian regions. It is generally accepted that heredity is one of the main determinants in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. Since the advent of genome-wide association studies, numerous studies have been published to identify the genetic loci susceptible to diabetic kidney disease among diverse populations. Although genome-wide association studies exploring diabetic kidney disease susceptibility loci have focused primarily on populations of European descent, a number of novel genetic variants associated with diabetic kidney disease have also been successfully revealed among East Asians. A comprehensive analysis of the genetic architecture and pathophysiological pathways of diabetic kidney disease may allow the identification of new potential therapeutic targets. This review aimed to summarize genome-wide association studies examining genetic variants associated with diabetic kidney disease in the populations of East Asian ancestry with type 2 diabetes and presented our perspective on the future of this field.

Structure-based drug discovery methods, such as molecular docking and virtual screening, have become invaluable tools in developing novel drugs. At the core of these methods are Scoring Functions (SFs), which predict the binding affinity between ligands and protein targets. This study aims to review and contextualize the challenges and best practices in training novel scoring functions to improve their accuracy and generalizability in predicting protein-ligand binding affinities. Effective training of scoring functions requires careful attention to the quality of training data and methodologies. We emphasize the need for robust training strategies to produce consistent and generalizable SFs. Key considerations include addressing hidden biases and overfitting in machine-learning models, as well as ensuring the use of high-quality, unbiased datasets for both training and evaluation of SFs. Innovative hybrid methods, combining the advantages of empirical and machine-learning approaches, hold promise for outperforming current scoring functions while displaying greater generalizability and versatility.

The role of LNX1 antisense RNA 2 (LNX1-AS2) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear.

SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19 has been a serious public health problem, resulting in millions of lives lost over the previous three years. Although the direct infection caused by virus invasion is important for the pathobiology of COVID-19, the hyperinflammatory response and tissue injury are major contributors in critically ill patients. As a host sensor, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) recognizes multiple pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), producing various inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory cell death signals, which are central to the inflammatory pathology observed in COVID-19. The objectives of this narrative review are to summarize the role of TLR2 activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection and emphasize the importance of SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins in TLR2 activation. Additionally, we presented some compounds related to TLR2 regulation clinically or experimentally, which may provide new insights into targets for pharmaceutical discovery and development.

Astragalus membranaceus has shown positive clinical efficacy in treating colorectal cancer (CRC).

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifaceted disease that is influenced by both genetic and environmental parameters. Non-coding RNAs have been shown to be ideal biomarkers for several diseases, including PD. This study was conducted to evaluate the expression levels of NEAT1, hsa-let-7a-5p, and miR-506-3p in individuals with PD to assess their efficacy for early-stage PD diagnosis.

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is the most common type of breast cancer (BC). In order to develop effective treatments for TNBC, it is vital to identify potential therapeutic targets. Angiogenesis stimulates tumor growth and metastasis in TNBC, and miR-155 plays a crucial role in this process. The exosome is a nano-sized vesicle that carries many cargoes, including miRNAs. The present study investigated the effect of exosomal delivery of miR-155 antagomir on tumor migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in TNBC.