The onset of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients younger than 50 continues to rapidly increase. This study highlights the epidemiologic changes, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and molecular profiles prevalent in early onset CRC patients, and identifies key areas for future research. It has been noted that only a small fraction of early onset CRC cases is attributed to known hereditary mutations and fit the canonical pathway of late-onset colorectal cancer development. To highlight this, we review the genetic and epigenetic modifications specific to early onset CRC. We also discuss the synergetic effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and environmental factors on the early onset of CRC. Additionally, we discuss the potential of noninvasive biomarker assays to enhance early detection, screening, diagnosis, and prognostic outcome predictions.

TGFβ1 induces plasma membrane (PM) accumulation of glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) required for glycolysis of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and HSC activation. This study aimed to understand how Glut1 is anchored/docked onto the PM of HSCs.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, affecting multiple organ systems. CF intestinal disease develops early, manifesting as intestinal bacterial overgrowth/dysbiosis, neutrophilic inflammation, and obstruction. As unresolvable infection and inflammation reflect host immune deficiency, we sought to determine if the CF-affected immune system plays any significant role in CF intestinal disease pathogenesis.

The fundamental biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has been greatly impacted by the characterization of genetically engineered mouse models that allow temporal and spatial activation of oncogenic KRAS (KRAS). One of the most commonly used models involves targeted insertion of a cre-recombinase into the Ptf1a gene. However, this approach disrupts the Ptf1a gene, resulting in haploinsufficiency that likely affects sensitivity to oncogenic KRAS (KRAS). This study aims to determine if Ptf1a haploinsufficiency affected the acinar cell response to KRAS before and after induction of pancreatic injury.

The association between Wilson disease and various ATP7B mutations is well-established; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the functional consequence of these mutations, particularly the splicing mutations, remains unclear. This study focused on the ATP7B c.1543+1G>C variant, to reveal a universal pathogenic mechanism of the ATP7B mutants with altered N-terminus.

The interactions between human milk and the regulation of innate immune homeostasis in newborns, and their impact on intestinal health, are not fully understood. This study aimed to explore the role of peptides in human milk extracellular vesicles (EVs) in this process.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA integration into the host genome contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. KMT2B is the second most frequent locus of HBV-DNA integration in HCC; however, its role and function remain unclear. We aimed to clarify the impact of HBV-KMT2B integration in HCC development using a human genome-edited induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) model.

The intestinal epithelium forms the boundary between the intestinal immune system in the lamina propria and the outside world, the intestinal lumen, which contains a diverse array of microbial and environmental antigens. Composed of specialized cells, this epithelial monolayer has an exceptional turnover rate. Differentiated epithelial cells are released into the intestinal lumen within a few days, at the villus tip, a process that requires strict regulation. Dysfunction of the epithelial barrier increases the intestinal permeability and paves the way for luminal antigens to pass into the intestinal serosa. Stem cells at the bottom of Lieberkühn crypts provide a constant supply of mature epithelial cells. Differentiated intestinal epithelial cells exhibit a diverse array of mechanisms that enable communication with surrounding cells, fortification against microorganisms, and orchestration of nutrient absorption and hormonal balance. Furthermore, tight junctions regulate paracellular permeability properties, and their disruption can lead to an impairment of the intestinal barrier, allowing inflammation to develop or further progress. Intestinal epithelial cells provide a communication platform through which they maintain homeostasis with a spectrum of entities including immune cells, neuronal cells, and connective tissue cells. This homeostasis can be disrupted in disease, such as inflammatory bowel disease. Patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease show an impaired gut barrier, dysregulated cellular communication, and aberrant proliferation and demise of cells. This review summarizes the individual cellular and molecular mechanisms pivotal for upholding the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and shows how these can be disrupted in diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease.

Notch and TAZ are implicated in cholangiocarcinogenesis, but whether and how these oncogenic molecules interact remain unknown.

There exists a complex relationship between steatotic liver disease (SLD) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among individuals with SLD, particularly those with metabolic dysfunction-associated SLD (MASLD), a significant proportion of whom also exhibit features of insulin resistance. Recent evidence supports an expanded role of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the pathogenesis of CVD in patients, both with and without associated metabolic dysfunction. VLDL represents the major vehicle for exporting neutral lipid from hepatocytes, with each particle containing one molecule of apolipoproteinB100 (APOB100). VLDL production becomes dysregulated under conditions characteristic of MASLD including steatosis and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance not only affects VLDL production but also mediates the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic CVD. VLDL assembly and secretion therefore represents an important pathway in the setting of cardiometabolic disease and offers several candidates for therapeutic targeting, particularly in metabolically complex patients with MASLD at increased risk of atherosclerotic CVD. Here we review the clinical significance as well as the translational and therapeutic potential of key regulatory steps impacting VLDL initiation, maturation, secretion, catabolism, and clearance.

Previously, eosinophils were primarily regarded as effector toxic cells involved in allergic diseases and parasitic infections. Nevertheless, new research has shown that eosinophils are diverse and essential for immune regulation and tissue homeostasis. Their functional plasticity has been observed in patients with inflammatory diseases, cancer, infections, and other disorders. Although eosinophils are infrequently observed within the liver during periods of homeostasis, they are recruited to the liver in various liver diseases, including liver parasitosis, acute liver injury, autoimmune liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, eosinophils have demonstrated the capacity to promote liver regeneration. This article explores the multifaceted roles of eosinophils in liver diseases, aiming to provide insights that could lead to more effective clinical therapies for these conditions.

Small noncoding vault RNAs (vtRNAs) are involved in many cell processes important for health and disease, but their pathobiological functions in the intestinal epithelium are underexplored. Here, we investigated the role of human vtRNA1-1 in regulating intestinal epithelial renewal and barrier function.

The immunological mechanisms underpinning the pathogenesis of alcoholic-associated liver disease (ALD) remain incompletely elucidated. This study aims to explore the transcriptomic profiles of hepatic immune cells in ALD compared with healthy individuals and those with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).

Targeting exhausted immune systems would be a promising therapeutic strategy to achieve a functional cure for HBV infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). However, animal models recapitulating the immunokinetics of CHB are very limited. We aimed to develop an immunocompetent mouse model of CHB for intrahepatic immune profiling.

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of alcohol-related mortality. Sex is an important variable; however, the mechanism behind sex differences is not yet established.