India has committed to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 principle of "Leave No One Behind", which seeks to reduce disparities and vulnerabilities. The dearth of data on the oral health conditions of children with intellectual and developmental (IDD) disabilities in India is significant. Our systematic review intended to collate and synthesise data on the oral health status of children with IDD.

Compliance with screen time guidelines among children worldwide remains low, and there is insufficient evidence on the current prevalence in China. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of compliance with screen time guidelines among children under 3 years old in Fujian Province, East China, identify risk factors and their independent effects, and develop a risk discrimination model for targeted interventions.

The increase in allergic diseases in children has coincided with the westernization of lifestyles. Although clustering of modifiable lifestyles has been frequently reported in children, there is limited research on how lifestyle factors collectively contribute to allergic conditions. Our aim was to identify lifestyle clusters among Finnish school-aged children and explore their associations with the prevalence of allergic disease symptoms and sensitization.

Maternal recognition of neonatal danger signs following birth is a strong predictor of care-seeking for newborn illness, which increases the odds of newborn survival. However, research suggests that maternal knowledge of newborn danger signs is low. Similarly, maternal knowledge of optimal newborn care practices has also been shown to be low. Since both issues are typically addressed during antenatal care, this study sought to determine whether group antenatal care (G-ANC) could lead to improvements in maternal recognition of danger signs and knowledge of healthy newborn practices, as well as boosting postnatal care utilization.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzyme, leading to the accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolites, which are toxic to the central nervous system. Without treatment, PKU can result in severe intellectual disability and neurological issues. This study aims to present the first cohort of clinically described Ecuadorian PKU patients, analyzing genotype-phenotype correlations and comparing these variants with global databases to improve diagnosis and treatment in Ecuador. Detailed clinical histories were collected, and an analysis of genotype versus phenotype (affected protein domain) of the variant was performed. Among the PAH genotypes identified, we found 15 distinct variants, with c.[754 C > T](p.Arg252Trp); [754 C > T](p.Arg252Trp) being the most frequent genotype (23.68%), followed by c.[1045T > C](p.Ser349Pro); [1045T > C](p.Ser349Pro) (15.79%) and c.[441 + 5G > T]; [754 C > T](p.Arg252Trp) (13.16%). Additionally, several unique genotypes were identified, such as c.[140G > A](p.Ala47Val); [140G > A](p.Ala47Val) and c.[331 C > T](p.Arg111Ter); [1243G > A](p.Asp415Asn), which are not commonly reported in other populations. Most genotypes were heterozygous (63.2%). The majority of variants were missense variants (66.6%) affecting the catalytic domain (53.3%). The highest phenylalanine levels were found in patients with c.[754 C > T](p.Arg252Trp); [754 C > T] (p.Arg252Trp) (2700 umol/L). Phenotypic data were available for 11 patients, showing 45.45% with classic PKU, 45.45% with mild hyperphenylalaninemia, and 9% with mild PKU. There was a 63.6% concordance with the BIOPKU database. Five low-frequency genotypes not reported in BIOPKU were identified, suggesting unique regional variants. Our study highlights the genetic complexity of PKU in Ecuador, with a high prevalence of unique variants not commonly found in other regions. This underscores the necessity for region-specific genetic analysis to improve PKU diagnosis and treatment. The findings emphasize the importance of tailored therapeutic strategies and continued research to enhance outcomes for PKU patients in Latin America.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of GFR measured using ROI from ultrasound technique in diuretic renography for evaluating postoperative outcomes in infants under one year old with congenital hydronephrosis. A retrospective analysis was conducted on thirty infants who underwent abdominal ultrasound and diuretic renography before and after surgery, obtaining preoperative and postoperative gGFRs and uGFRs (measured using ROI from ultrasound technique) determined using the Gates method and ultrasonic-assisted drawing ROI technique, respectively. A comparative study was performed on total GFR as well as individual kidney GFR before and after intervention. The preoperative and postoperative total and single uGFRs were significantly lower than gGFRs, while the postoperative total and single renal function, along with relative renal function in the hydronephrotic kidneys, were also significantly higher than the preoperative results (p < 0.05). Among 30 infants, 23 cases exhibited substantial recovery of renal function in their hydronephrotic kidneys after surgery, 2 cases did not show significant improvement, while 5 cases continued to experience deterioration in renal function. The GFR measured using ROI from ultrasound technique provides a more accurate assessment of renal function changes before and after surgery in infants under one year old with congenital hydronephrosis, facilitating an effective evaluation of postoperative treatment efficacy.

To assess common gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy Brazilian infants receiving goat milk-based formula (GMF) compared to cow's milk-based formula (CMF).

Traumatic duodenal rupture is rare which accounts for only 2-10% of all Blunt abdominal trauma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the experience of diagnosis and treatment of traumatic duodenal rupture in children.

This study examined the relationship between parents' perceived social support and their children's psychological adjustment.

Novel, expanded valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are in development to reduce the burden of pneumococcal disease (PD) in children. To understand the potential value of new vaccines in Germany, this study estimated the residual burden of PD in children < 16 years old from 2014 to 2019, using administrative health data from a large German claims database.

Children's social behavior develops through diverse experiences. However, the relationship between children's experiences of celebratory events and their behavioral development has not been previously quantified. Therefore, this study aimed to quantitatively explore this relationship.

Distinguishing self-limiting ('trivial') from potentially consequential spinal pain in childhood and adolescence is crucial to prevent over- or under-medicalization. The aim of this study was to stratify participants for severity of spinal pain and to investigate associations of pain severity with potential consequences of pain and some psychophysical and clinical factors.

Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a severe form of chronic obstructive lung disease secondary to severe respiratory tract infections. Knowledge of pediatric PIBO development-associated risk factors may improve selection of appropriate early therapeutic interventions.

Childhood hearing loss poses a significant public health challenge in Pakistan, with prevalence rates over double the global average. Parental knowledge and attitudes play a crucial role in timely detection and intervention. However, limited research explores this issue within the Pakistani context. This study aimed to examine parental knowledge and attitudes regarding childhood hearing loss in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, and identify key demographic factors influencing parental perspectives.

While Cystic Fibrosis is characterized by a high phenotypic variability, a correlation is reported between the pancreatic status and the CFTR genotype. Here we report an unusual case of a child with Cystic Fibrosis (F508del-duplication of exons 1-3 genotype) diagnosed at 8 years old for pancreatic insufficiency and non-pathological sweat test, in absence of respiratory symptoms and acute episodes of pancreatitis. Nasal potential differences and intestinal current measurements were normal, while the short-circuit current measured on patient-derived colonoids grown on Transwell indicated the presence of a reduced CFTR-dependent current relative to non-CF colonoids with, a modest improvement of CFTR activity record following treatment with elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor.This case opens the discussion on the importance of performing CFTR sequencing and the search for large gene rearrangements in cases of pancreatic insufficiency of unclear etiology, also in the presence of non-pathological sweat test. Children with CF and non-pathological sweat chloride are likely to develop higher concentrations if they truly have CF.

Vision screening as part of well-child visits is recommended annually for US children 3 to 6 years. However, 63% of children do not get a vision screening in well-child visits. The Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) improves the receipt of preventive care visits in other medical specialties but it is unknown if it improves receipt of vision screening. The objective of this study is to determine whether caregiver-reported receipt of care in a PCMH is associated with receiving a vision screening test in a well-child visit for children 3 to 6 years in a pediatrician/general doctor's office ('primary care').

Current biliary dilatation (BD) classifications are complex and based on cases including secondary BD, leading to unclear distinctions. Notably, congenital and secondary BD differ in etiology, symptoms, and prognosis.

Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) poses significant cardiovascular risks, particularly in Kawasaki disease (KD) patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate and compare antithrombotic strategies in preventing CAA formation secondary to Kawasaki disease and the ensuing CAA cardiovascular complications.

The SLCO2A1 gene encodes a prostaglandin transporter and we report a novel mutation causing hypoproteinaemia and refractory anaemia due to chronic enteropathy.

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) is widely used for premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). A high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) provides positive end-expiratory pressure using high-flow oxygen; however, the variability in distending pressure is a primary concern. This study evaluated the feasibility and safety of a newly designed protocol for NCPAP weaning with cyclic HFNC use for premature infants.

Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in extremely preterm infants exhibits a high mortality rate and poor long-term outcomes. The aim of the present study was to develop a machine learning (ML) predictive model for RDS with PH in extremely preterm infants.