Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a disease caused by an abnormal reaction between the body's autoimmunity and the central nervous system, in which the abnormal immune response targets antigenic components within or on the surface of neuronal cells. The main manifestations are mental and behavioural changes, cognitive impairment, impaired consciousness, seizures, movement disorders, etc. Most cell surface antibodies respond well to immunotherapy, intracellular antibodies, on the other hand, are usually associated with more tumours and are relatively difficult to treat with a poor prognosis. In recent years, autoimmune encephalitis that is positive for multiple anti-neuronal antibodies has been gradually recognized in the clinic, with complex and varied clinical manifestations, especially in combination with malignant tumours, which have worse treatment and prognosis. Current clinical studies on the coexistence of multiple anti-neuronal antibodies in patients with AE are mainly disseminated case reports. Patients with AE in which four anti-neuronal antibodies coexist are even rarer.

Central Asia is known to face various ecological challenges that constitutes major risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). This study examines the burden of PD in Central Asia, a region where data on neurological disorders is notably sparse.

The unprecedented increase in the older population and ever-increasing incidence of dementia are leading to a "silver tsunami" in upcoming decades. To combat multimorbidity and maintain daily activities, elderly people face a high prevalence of polypharmacy. However, how these medications affect dementia-related pathology, such as Alzheimer's β-amyloid (Aβ) fibrils formation, remains unknown. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the medication profiles of Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 124), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 114), and non-demented (ND; n = 228) patients to identify highly prevalent drugs and to determine the effects of those drugs on Aβ fibrils formation.

This case report presents the case of a patient with P369S and R408Q variants in the MEFV gene who exhibited clinical features of Kikuchi disease and Mollaret meningitis. Furthermore, it discusses colchicine as a new potential treatment option for Kikuchi disease-associated meningitis.

Primary skull base chondrosarcoma (SBC) is a rare malignant central nervous system tumor, often involving the cavernous sinus. Complete excision of tumors invading this region is exceptionally challenging due to the presence of the internal carotid artery and numerous nerves within the cavernous sinus, particularly in cases with substantial tumor volume.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of resistance exercise training (RT) on oxidative status, muscle strength, functional capacity, quality of life (QoL), and fatigue in women with Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

Long COVID is a condition characterised by persistent symptoms after a SARS-CoV-2 infection, with neurological manifestations being particularly frequent. Existing research suggests that long COVID patients not only report cognitive symptoms but also exhibit measurable cognitive impairment. Neuroimaging studies have identified structural alterations in brain regions linked to cognitive functions. However, most of these studies have focused on patients within months of their initial infection. This study aims to explore the longer-term cognitive effects and brain structural changes in long COVID patients, approximately two years post-infection, in a cohort from San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Dynamic spasticity (DS) is a common complication post-spinal cord injury (SCI), marked by intermittent increases in muscle tone during postural transitions or movement. Despite its prevalence, high-quality research on DS incidence, risk factors, and underlying mechanisms in SCI patients remains limited. With the growing application of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for spasticity control, the role of proprioception in DS development has garnered attention. Additionally, advances in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allow for the analysis of the reticulospinal tract's (RST) role in postural control among SCI patients. However, the impact of microstructural changes in RST and proprioception on DS following SCI remains unclear.

We assessed the correlation between optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) values measured by bedside ultrasound and intracranial pressure (ICP) changes among patients under neurocritical care and evaluated the diagnostic performance of ONSD for increased ICP.

Infectious brain abscesses and granulomas, characterized by localized collections of pus or inflammatory tissue within the brain parenchyma, pose significant clinical challenges due to their potentially life-threatening nature and complex management requirements.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system, leading to a range of symptoms that impact physical, psychiatric, and cognitive functions. Cognitive dysfunction is prevalent among patients with MS (pwMS), affecting at least 65% of patients, and includes deficits in processing speed, attention, learning, memory, and executive function. Despite the significant impact on daily life, cognitive impairment in MS patients is often underrecognized in clinical settings.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The first presentation's possible triggers are still controversial among scientists. The objective of this study is to investigate and compare the potential social, environmental, and physical factors that may have contributed to the onset of MS before and during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 9 (HSAN9) is a rare genetic disorder caused by genetic alterations in the TECPR2 locus and is characterized by developmental and intellectual disability, respiratory dysfunction, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and sensory and autonomic dysfunction, which are shared among the HSAN family.

Up to 25% of patients suffering from an acute stroke are diagnosed with delirium during the hospital stay, with older age increasing the risk. Generalized slowing in the electroencephalogram (EEG) supports the diagnosis of delirium. We examined the potential of single-channel EEG (DeltaScan) as an easy-to-use device on intensive care units for detecting delirium. Our aim was to investigate characteristics of bihemispheric EEG recordings and single-channel EEG in patients suffering from strokes with and without delirium and to analyze the diagnostic accuracy of EEG-based diagnoses.

End stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis (HD) increases mortality among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcome of ICH patients with ESRD on HD versus propensity-score matched controls.

The impact of diabetes on the risk of Alzheimer's disease remains uncertain. This study aimed to explore this issue from multiple perspectives by using the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach.

Syringomyelia is a rare disease with diverse etiologies, and the syrinx is typically confined to certain segments of the spinal cord. Case of syringomyelia affecting the whole cord due to tethered cord is extremely rare, and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood.

1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) induced toxic encephalopathy, a rare toxic disease of the central nervous system, is mainly reported in developing countries. Although clinicians have got some understanding about the clinical and neuroimaging features of 1,2-DCE-induced toxic encephalopathy, abnormality along the cortico-medullary junction on diffusion-weighted image (DWI) mimicking neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) has not yet been described in this entity.

Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is a rare disease characterized by axial and lower-extremity muscle rigidity, muscle spasm, and pain. Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) is a variant of SPS. This case is particularly notable for its uncommon initial symptom: orthostatic hypotension, coupled with the presence of multiple antibodies. Such a presentation is a rarity in the context of PERM, thus providing a fresh and unique angle for both diagnosis and treatment.

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) is essential for diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Thalamic lesions are rarely detected by DWI in sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases with methionine homozygosity at polymorphic codon 129 (129MM) of the prion protein (PrP) gene. Here, we describe an unusual sCJD case, characterized by prolonged isolated thalamic diffusion hyperintensities and atypical brain pathology, in combination with the 129MM genotype.