Inguinal hernia is one of the most common visceral surgical conditions in industrialised countries. The aim of the present observational clinical study was to investigate the dermatome patterns after nerve injury following inguinal hernia surgery and to demonstrate the marked individual anatomical and topographical variability of peripheral nerves in the inguinal region.

This scoping review was conducted based on the Joanna Briggs Institute's theoretical framework and registered with the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/b27wc). The study analyzed 29 manuscripts published between 2013 and 2023, focusing on imaging exams to synthesize evidence on the anatomy and clinical correlations of the upper urinary tract. The results revealed significant findings, highlighting the intrarenal pelvis as a possible predictive indicator of urinary loss after partial nephrectomy. This emphasizes the importance of anatomical assessment of the renal pelvis. Brödel's avascular plane has been categorized into three types relevant to pre-surgical patient planning. Multiple renal arteries and venous variations have also been reported, including retro-aortic and circum-aortic renal veins. A movable section related to the ureter was described in the perirenal space, delimited by the point of intersection with the gonadal vessels. The ureteropelvic and ureterovesical junctions were found to be anatomical points susceptible to ureteral constriction. On the other hand, the point at which the ureter crosses the iliac vessels is no longer considered a site prone to ureteral obstruction. The authors emphasize the need to adopt a standardized terminology to describe the anatomical variations of the blood vessels related to the kidney. Using diverse and unclear terms can hinder teaching and research in this area and lead to inaccuracies. From the authors' perspective, imaging exams have enhanced anatomical accuracy, benefiting the teaching of human anatomy and significantly contributing to continuous medical breakthroughs.

Plastination preserves biological specimens for long-term and geometric morphometry analyzes shape differences with advanced statistical methods. This study primarily aimed to statistically quantify shrinkage in brain sections following plastination. The secondary goal was to present the shrinkage occurring in both tissues and cavities of specific anatomical structures using geometric morphometry.

Caspase-12 is a molecule whose functions are still not well understood. Although its expression has been found in various tissues, specific roles have been described in only a few cases. These include the effect of caspase-12 on murine bone cell differentiation during craniofacial development. This work focused on the development of the limbs taking place through endochondral ossification, which precedes the formation of the cartilaginous growth plate. Caspase-12 was described here for the first time in growth plate chondrocytes during physiological development. Using pharmacological inhibition, caspase-12 was found to affect chondrogenesis. Limb-derived micromass cultures showed a significantly increased area of chondrogenic nodules after caspase-12 inhibition and there were changes in gene expression, the most significant of which was the reduction of Mmp9. These data point to potential new functions of caspase-12 in chondrogenesis.

Evolutionary changes in human rib cage morphology rendered it prone to pathologies like Scheuermann's kyphosis (SK). However, the impact of SK on rib cage morphology is unclear.

There is currently a lack of anatomical research on the C7 pedicle and lateral mass in children aged 0-14 years, and experience with pediatric lower cervical spine surgeries remains limited. This study aims to investigate the anatomical structure of the C7 pedicle and lateral mass in a large pediatric sample to understand their growth patterns, providing imaging and anatomical references for pediatric lower cervical spine surgeries and the design of pediatric C7 screws.

The current evidence-based systematic review with meta-analysis presents a detailed overview of the cystic artery (CA) surgical anatomy, including its origin, number, topography, and morphometry. Moreover, the surgical implications of these variants are further discussed.

The purpose of this study was to establish an anatomical foundation for minimally invasive lumbar spine surgery in adolescents by assessing the 3D anatomical parameters of the lumbar vertebrae in the age group of 12-21 years.

In human anatomy, the vertebral artery, in its passage from the subclavian artery to the foramen magnum of the skull, enters the transverse foramina of the vertebral column generally at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra. Nevertheless, even though avoided by the vertebral artery, also the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) contains a transverse foramen. The content of this transverse foramen in C7 has been unclear, with different descriptions found in textbooks and in original literature. Here, we have revisited the content of the transverse foramen in C7 by macroscopic dissection of 32 human specimens. We found that the 7th transverse foramen never contained the vertebral artery. Instead, it enclosed in 35 % of the cases both vertebral vein and vertebral nerve, in 20 % of the cases only the vertebral nerve, in 11 % of the cases only the vertebral vein, and in 34 % of the cases it contained no macroscopically visible neurovascular structure at all but only adipose connective tissue.

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical one-dimensional changes such as root surface coverage, decrease seen in the amount of gingival recession and keratinised gingival width (KGW) obtained throughout a 6-month follow-up period following the treatment of Cairo class II gingival recession with free gingival graft (FGG) and gingival unit graft (GUG). Three-dimensional changes in gingival volume and thickness were also compared digitally using an indirect method.

This study aimed to conduct a morphoquantitative and stereological evaluation, analyzing the cerebellum of domestic cat fetuses in the latter third of the gestational period. Fetal samples were obtained from a neutering campaign conducted in the municipality of Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil. The procedures and protocols used in this work adhere to the guidelines established by the ethics committee of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at the University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), under the number CEUA 1935251121. The five selected fetuses were fixed in 4 % formaldehyde, and their gestational age was determined by Crown Rump (CR) measurements, followed by an assessment of external characteristics. The cerebella were subjected to the evaluation of morphometric parameters and histological processing using stereology techniques. The obtained means for the cerebellar parameters were as follows: length: 1.0-centimeter, width: 0.54 centimeters, thickness: 0.44 centimeters, and weight: 0.84 g. Using stereology, the following parameters were determined: cerebellar volume, averaging 0.847 cm³; volume density of the cortex: 0.496 or 49 % (molecular layer), 0.0314 or 3.14 % (Purkinje cell layer), 0.232 or 23 % (granular layer), and 0.234 or 23 % (medullary white center). Consequently, the average total volume of the cerebellar cortex is 0.419 cm³ for the molecular layer, 0.026 cm³ for the Purkinje cell layer, 0.196 cm³ for the granular layer, and 0.196 cm³ for the medullary white center. The findings presented here have contributed to an in-depth discussion of the neuro-motor development and cerebellum of domestic cats.

Menopausal syndrome profoundly affects the physical and mental health of many women, drawing increasing attention from the medical community. However, its pathogenesis remains unclear. These symptoms are primarily driven by hormonal fluctuation. The hypothalamus, a key regulator of hormonal balance, potentially playing a critical role in the manifestation of menopausal syndrome.

The anatomy of the pectoral nerves and the two nerve loops on the course of the axillary artery was revisited to complement current general descriptions as well as to argue whether the nerves contributing to the formation of the pectoral loop are the cranial pectoral nerves. Besides, the positional relationship between the scalene muscles and the nerve roots of the brachial plexus, which contribute to the nerves aimed in this study, was also examined at the same time as the dissection.

The elongated styloid process (SP) is associated with internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection, due to its close relationship with the vessel. However, the relationship with the variable ossified stylohyoid chain (SHC) has been scarcely studied. The current study investigated the relationship between the temporal bone's SP and the external and internal carotid arteries (ECA and ICA). The hypothesis was that the morphological variants of the SP influence this relationship.

The anatomy of the retrotympanum is highly variable, and surgical access is challenging. In the medial retrotympanum, a descending series of recesses are found: the posterior tympanic sinus, the sinus tympani (ST), and the subtympanic sinus (STS). Most of the previous anatomical studies of the ST evaluated it as a single depression of variable width and depth, without recesses, just on axial sections.

In recent years, modern technologies have become established in most educational fields. Thus, e-learning tends to be an integral part of the learner-centered learning process, with the teacher acting as a facilitator. However, the methodologies used to study the impact of e-learning have been varied and imprecise, making comparison and meta-analysis difficult. This study attempts to overcome these obstacles with a large and homogeneous sample to compare (1) the academic outcomes obtained with face-to-face and e-learning in a blended module of human anatomy and (2) the response attempts (response index) of each student in answering questions specific to each learning modality.

Human skeletal repositories are crucial resources for research and education in human biology, variation, anatomy, biocultural frameworks, forensic/medico-legal casework, heritage and understanding the past. In this review paper, we assess the composition of human skeletal repositories in South Africa, along with the ethical and legal frameworks that safeguard their curation.

The teaching of anatomy from early days of medical education relied on the use of cadaver; hence, the present study assessed the support for whole-body donation among academic staff.

Estrogen deficiency and Diabetes mellitus (DM) cause joint tissue deterioration, although the mechanisms are uncertain. This study evaluated the immunoexpression of autophagy and NLRP3-inflammasome markers, in rat articular cartilage with estrogen deficiency and DM.