Fetal macrosomia (FM) is common in clinical practice and carries increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Maternal diabetes mellitus (DM) is a well-known cause of macrosomia with significant research and guidelines focusing on macrosomia in this population. Less is known about causes, prevention, and clinical management for suspected FM in individuals without diabetes.

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) is most often caused by pathogenic variants in the or genes. Guidelines exist for genetic testing in patients at high risk, yet significant disparities in genetic testing and management remain. These disparities result in missed opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment.

Obesity is a major public health concern that is associated with serious health risks and consequences for people who want to be, are, or have been pregnant.

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) is an innovative and established fertility preservation method. More than 150 live births have been reported worldwide to date with the use of this strategy. OTC is one of the options to preserve fertility in prepubertal girls and for women who have time constraints and/or contraindications for ovarian stimulation for oocyte/embryo freezing before cancer treatment. The success rate of the ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT) depends on many interrelated factors. Therefore, preoperative evaluation and preparation of the candidate patients for the procedure are of paramount importance.

In 2023, the Food and Drug Administration approved 2 new products to reduce the risk of lower respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants: Beyfortus (nirsevimab; AstraZeneca/Sanofi), a single-dose monoclonal antibody for infant administration, and Abrysvo (bivalent RSVpreF vaccine; Pfizer), a single-dose maternal vaccination.

Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) represents a significant contributor of maternal and neonatal morbidity complicating a significant proportion of pregnancies worldwide.

Cannabis is commonly used by pregnant patients for alleviation of pregnancy-associated symptoms. Multiple national medical associations have recommended against prenatal cannabis use, yet misinformation regarding its safety and efficacy remains prevalent in public discourse. Effective and evidence-based patient counseling on prenatal cannabis use requires a thorough understanding of the existing data on fetal neurodevelopment.

Though the incidence of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) in pregnancy is rare, understanding the etiology and symptomatology of FMF is essential for obstetric treatment of patients with FMF.

The latent phase of labor poses a challenge for pregnant patients due to the limited options available for pain relief and management. Therapeutic rest, an intervention involving medication administration during this phase, has shown promise in addressing prelabor discomfort and anxiety.

With advances in prenatal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) technology, the information available with cfDNA continues to expand beyond the common fetal aneuploidies such as trisomies 21, 18, and 13. Due to the admixture of maternal and fetal/placental DNA, prenatal cfDNA remains a screening test with the possibility of false-positive and false-negative results.

The identification of the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) is an integral part of the routine second trimester fetal anatomy scan. The absence or nonvisualization of the CSP has significant clinical implications and requires further evaluation and counseling for the pregnant patient.

Ovarian torsion is a gynecological emergency caused by the twisting of the ovary and/or fallopian tube, further resulting in ischemic changes of the adnexa. Early diagnosis is likely to preserve ovarian function.

Axial downregulation with a 3- to 6-month administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH-a) prior to assisted reproduction techniques has been proposed in order to improve clinical pregnancy rates in women with endometriosis. Although reduced inflammation, improved oocyte quality, and restored endometrial receptivity have been postulated, further investigation of their actual benefit and mechanism of action is considered essential. In that direction, well-designed clinical trials regarding the role of GnRH-a in IVF are necessary.

Women are increasingly postponing pregnancy to achieve specific goals, and as it is known, the ovarian reserve (OR) declines with age, especially after the 30s. Assessing the OR helps in managing the care of women seeking pregnancy. Several OR tests (ORTs) have been advocated for assessing OR.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine syndrome with multiple causes and polymorphic clinical manifestations, which is one of the important causes of menstrual disorders in women of childbearing age. It has been found that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), a class of essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body, play a significant role in the metabolic changes of PCOS, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common complications in pregnancy with adverse maternal and neonatal risks proportional to the degree of suboptimal glycemic control, which is not well defined. Literature guiding providers in identifying and managing patients at highest risk of complications from diabetes is lacking.

Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) represents a range of disorders characterized by abnormal placental invasion and is associated with severe maternal morbidity and mortality.

Although the risk of parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and subsequent risk of adverse fetal outcome are low, understanding management practices is essential for proper treatment of fetuses with nonimmune hydrops fetalis. In addition, continued investigation into delivery management, breastfeeding recommendations, and congenital abnormalities associated with pregnancies complicated by parvovirus B19 infection is needed.

Antenatal care plays a crucial role in safely monitoring and ensuring the well-being of both the mother and the fetus during pregnancy, ultimately leading to the best possible perinatal outcomes.

Pregnant women are exposed to both occupational and environmental noise during their pregnancy. The association between noise and adverse health outcomes is well known. Less is known about the relationship between noise and its effects on the embryo/fetus and pregnancy.

Macrosomia represents the most significant risk factor of shoulder dystocia (SD), which is a severe and emergent complication of vaginal delivery. They are both associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.