DNA methylation is a paramount epigenetic mark that helps balance gene expression post-transcriptionally. Its effect on specific genes determines the plant's holistic development and acclimatization during adversities. L., an allohexaploid, is a dominant cereal crop with a large genome size. Changing environmental conditions exert a profound impact on its overall yield. Here, bibliometric science mapping was employed for a nuanced understanding of the prevailing research trends in the DNA methylation study of wheat. The detailed data obtained was used to delve deep into its fundamentals, patterns and mechanism of action, to accumulate evidence of the role of DNA methylation in the regulation of gene expressions across its entire genome. This review encapsulates the methylation/demethylation players in wheat during different stages of development. It also uncloaks the differential methylation dynamics while encountering biotic and abiotic constraints, focusing on the critical function it plays in fostering immunity. The study significantly contributes to broadening our knowledge of the regulatory mechanism and plasticity of DNA methylation in wheat. It also uncovers its potential role in improving breeding programs to produce more resilient wheat varieties, stimulating further research and development in the field.

Hexaploid var. and tetraploid var. are major weeds in rice fields. Supplementing molecular marker data with morphological and morphometric characterization is considered a reliable method for species identification. In the present study, weed accessions were collected from rice fields in Tamil Nadu, India [as plants (12) or seeds (10)]. Species level identification was carried out using the distinguishing chloroplastic DNA marker, T-L. Eight accessions were identified as consistently across T and T generations and twelve others over a single generation (T or T). Spikelet length is an important feature used to distinguish and . Accession P1, identified as using a chloroplast DNA marker (T-L insertion), has a spikelet length more consistent with (≤ 4 mm) than . Thus, 'inconsistent' accession P1 may have inherited DNA paternally from , instead of the unknown maternal donor usually reported in literature for . We also report, for the first time, the occurrence of heteroplasmic variation in (accession D4) over two successive generations (T and T). We also suggest a caveat in the use of morphometric spikelet characters and chloroplastic DNA marker data alone to classify weed species conclusively. Occurrence of paternal plastid inheritance and heteroplasmy may have implications on weed fitness, including range expansion and selective advantage(s) in a rapidly changing environment (herbicide or stress tolerance).

Auxin response factors (ARFs) are important transcription factors that regulate the expression of auxin response genes, thus play crucial roles in plant growth and development. However, the functions of genes in bermudagrass ( L.), a turfgrass species of great economic value, remain poorly understood. In this study, a total of 86 genes were identified from the genome and were categorized into five groups according to their phylogenetic relationships. The five groups of genes exhibited specific gene structure and protein domain characteristics, and showed distinct gene expression patterns in different organs, wild accessions and under different stress treatments. Among the 86 genes, the gene encoded an N-terminally truncated group V ARF protein with high sequence similarity to AtARF2 and OsARF24. The gene was highly expressed in the aboveground vegetative organs (leaf, shoot and stolon) and weakly expressed in the root. The CdARF6-B2 protein was localized in the nucleus but showed no transactivation activity, although its middle region had a strong transactivation activity. Ectopic expression of inhibited the vegetative growth of transgenic plants possibly through down-regulating the expression of auxin transport-related gene and impeding the polar transport of auxin. These results not only established solid foundations to characterize the regulatory mechanism of auxin signaling in the growth and development of bermudagrass but also provided new insights into the function of genes in plants.

Following the identification of the self-compatibility gene () in diploid potatoes two decades ago, the breeding of inbred based diploid hybrid potatoes made its way. Tetraploid potatoes have a long history of cultivation through domestication and selection. Tetrasomic inheritance, heterozygosity and clonal propagation complicate genetic studies, resulting in a low genetic gain in potato breeding. Diploid hybrid TPS potato breeding, similar to the developments in hybrid maize, was pursued as an alternative to the genetic improvement of potatoes. However, several challenges, like self-incompatibility and high inbreeding depression associated with diploid potatoes, must be overcome to develop inbred lines in potatoes. Moreover, the inbred lines must retain good fertility and vigour for hybrid breeding. Good progress has been made by creating di-haploids of popular varieties, mapping self-incompatibility inhibitor gene, understanding the genetic basis of inbreeding depression, and identifying genomic regions for deleterious alleles and fertility. Further, the genome sequencing of diploid inbred lines has revealed the genetics of key traits associated with potato breeding. This article discussed these insights and summarized the progress of diploid hybrid TPS potato breeding. Recent advances in genetic and genomic research and genome editing technology have shown promise for this technology's success and far-reaching implications.

Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) is a crucial enzyme present in various isoforms. It is playing vital role in both humans and plants. This concise review focuses on the role of AlaAT in plants, particularly on preharvest sprouting, hypoxia, nitrogen use efficiency, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. The molecular genetics of AlaAT, including gene identification and the impact on plant yield and its physiology, is discussed. Notably, the major dormancy gene governing AlaAT synthesis has been characterized and cloned in various crops. This review emphasizes the current understanding of AlaAT and its influence on plants, covering mechanisms regulating preharvest sprouting, hypoxia, drought tolerance, salt tolerance, biotic resistance and nitrogen use efficiency. Identifying a protein with multidimensional roles in crop plants is very important. Modern biotechnological approaches can alter such candidate gene/protein for superior varieties development. Overall, the review gives an understanding of the uncovered area of AlaAT and the challenge of climatic change triggers in plants. In the future, the potential of genome editing in AlaAT through enhancer insertion and rapid stabilization through speed breeding will impart resilience to crop plants against climate change.

Given the rising population and food demand, it is imperative to devise solutions to enhance plant resilience against abiotic stresses. Salinity stress impacts plant growth but also hampers plant performance and productivity. Plant hormones have emerged as a viable remedy to mitigate the detrimental effects of salinity stress on plants. This study delved into the molecular investigation of the impact of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) on Okra plants ( L.) under two levels of salinity stress (75 and 150 mM), scrutinizing morphological, biochemical, and physiological parameters. Salinity stress led to a decline in growth, pigment and protein content, with EBL application ameliorating these indicators, albeit insignificantly impacting protein levels. Salinity triggered an upsurge in soluble sugars, proline, antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GP, and APX), and sodium levels, while reducing potassium and micronutrient concentrations (copper, iron, zinc). It downregulated the expression of , and genes. EBL treatment bolstered potassium and micronutrient uptake, upregulated gene expression and enzymatic antioxidants, and elevated soluble sugar and proline levels. Analysis of the outcomes across these parameters suggests that EBL holds promise as an effective agent in mitigating salinity stress in Okra plants.

Salinity is one of the abiotic stress factors that affect plant physiology and cause various plant disorders. Thiourea, which consists of amino, thiol, and imino groups, is an antioxidant and growth regulator. The objective was to determine the antioxidant role of thiourea (0, 3, 6 mM) in attenuating the effects of salinity (0 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM NaCl) on growth, yield, and some biochemical compositions of flax ( L.) plants. Salt stress significantly reduced root and shoot length, root and shoot weight in dry and fresh matter, and yield components. In addition, salinity decreased photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugar (TSS), and total free amino acids (TFAA) and suppressed ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POX) activities, while proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in stressed flax plants. Thiourea (TU) application improved all growth and yield characteristics of flax plants. TU increased photosynthetic pigment, APX, TSS, and TFAA while reducing proline and MDA. The differential accumulation of several proteins was reported under salt stress and TU-treatment. These proteins might be involved in the stress response and tolerance. Finally, foliar application of thiourea, especially at 6 mM, can counteract the effects of salinity on the growth and harvesting characteristics of flax plants by strengthening antioxidant defense mechanisms.

The consequences of walnut ( L.) leaf scorch (WLS) were studied using the cultivated varieties, Wen185 ( 'Wen 185') and Xinxin2 ( 'Xinxin2') in the Aksu region, Xinjiang, China. Photosynthetic parameters and indoor chemical analysis were used to determine the variations in photosynthetic characteristics, osmotic regulatory substances, antioxidant enzyme activities, and changes in fruit yield and quality between diseased and healthy leaves. Net photosynthetic rate ( ) and stomatal conductance ( ) of Xinxin2 diseased leaves were lower and intercellular CO concentration ( ) was higher than in healthy leaves. , , and of Wen185 leaves were lower than those of healthy leaves initially. During the peak stage of disease, and of Wen185 were lower, whereas was higher than in healthy leaves. The initial fluorescence ( ) of diseased leaves was higher and the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII, / ) was lower. The decrease in / of diseased Wen185 leaves was smaller than in Xinxin2. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in Wen185 and Xinxin2 diseased leaves was higher than in healthy leaves. From late June to mid-July, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and soluble protein (SP) content in the diseased leaves were higher than in healthy leaves, becoming lower in late August. Plant yield, single fruit dry weight, fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit shape index, kernel extraction rate, fat content, and protein content of the diseased plants were lower. Single fruit fresh weight, fruit transverse diameter, and fruit lateral diameter in Wen185 plants were similar but differed in diseased Xinxin2 plants. WLS reduces carbon assimilation and PSII reaction center activity leading to intensified membrane lipid peroxidation, gradual imbalance of osmotic regulation homeostasis, and decreased antioxidant capacity.

Petal senescence represents a crucial phase in the developmental continuum of flowers, ensuing tissue differentiation and petal maturation, yet anteceding seed formation and development. Instigation of petal senescence entails myriad of changes at the cytological, physiological and molecular dimensions, mirroring the quintessential characteristics of cell death. In the current investigation biochemical and molecular intricacies were scrutinized across various developmental stages (bud to the senescent phase). Scanning electron microscopy analysis unveiled significant changes in petal tissue morphology, evolving from tightly interwoven ridges and grooves at the bud stage to a completely flattened surface devoid of intricate patterns in the senescent stage. Throughout the developmental continuum, significant metabolic reconfigurations were discerned. The concentration of soluble proteins displayed a continuous decrement from the bud phase through the anthesis stage, culminating in a pronounced diminution during the senescent phase. This pattern was concomitant with the expression profiles of () and () genes. Membrane integrity exhibited a gradual decline from the bud to the open stage, attributed to diminished lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and low transcript levels. This deterioration was further exacerbated during senescence by increased expression, ultimately compromising membrane stability. The developmental progression of flowers is modulated by hormonal flux, with abscisic acid and ethylene concentrations escalating as senescence approaches. This upsurge is attributed to elevated mRNA transcripts of and (1-amino cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid oxidase), concomitant with a reduction in transcript abundance during the senescent phase compared to earlier developmental phases. ROS (Reactive oxygen species) neutralizing antioxidant enzymes exhibited a marked increase from the bud to the bloom stage, leading to reduced hydrogen peroxide (HO) levels. However, during the senescent phase, the activity of these enzymes diminished markedly, resulting in the accumulation of ROS and ensuing oxidative damage.

An experiment was performed to understand the effects of aluminium toxicity (AlCl·6HO) on Kachai lemon growth and development. The toxic effects of aluminium were assessed for 45 days in sand media. With untreated pots serving as the control, seedlings of 1 month old were exposed to three concentrations of AlCl·6HO: 300 μM, 600 μM and 900 μM. The nutrient Hoagland solution was also given to seedlings along with the Aluminium (Al) treatment. The outcome demonstrated that the chlorophyll content and carotenoids declined with the increase of the concentration levels of AlCl·6HO and interval of treatment. The contents of O (Super oxide anion), HO (Hydrogen peroxide) and OH (Hydroxyl radical) in seedlings increased with the higher concentration levels of aluminium and longer exposure to Al. Additionally, the activity of the enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase were increased in seedlings. Different non-enzymatic antioxidants' actions like tocopherol and Vitamin C played important defence mechanisms for the maintenance of tolerance in aluminium toxicity by increasing their content with an increase in the concentration of treatment levels in Kachai Lemon.

The rapid growth of Bamboo made the uptake and allocation of nitrogen much important. Nitrate is the main form that plant utilized nitrogen by nitrate transporters (NRTs) as well as ammonium salt. In this study, we identified 155 genes which mapped to 32 chromosomes out of 35 chromosomes in . Collinearity analysis showed most genes in paired with genes in and , which another two sequenced woody bamboo species, and the divergence was similar to the woody bamboo whole-genome duplication event. Through the N-nitrate trace analysis, we found that the nitrogen absorbed by roots in was preferentially distributed to above-ground parts, especially transported to leaves. and exhibited higher expression in leaf, and upregulated with extra N supply, suggesting they might be participating in N allocation between leaves in . This study provides a foundation for understanding the mechanism of nitrate transport and distribution in bamboo, and provide valuable information for improving bamboo nitrate absorption and promoting efficient nitrogen utilization.

Seed germination is a tightly regulated, non-reversible developmental process, and it is crucial to prevent premature germination under conditions that may not allow the plant's life cycle to be completed. The plant hormone ABA is the key regulator of seed dormancy and inhibition of germination. ABA is also involved in the plant response to drought. Here we report on the involvement of , encoding a U-BOX E3 ubiquitin ligase, in regulating ABA signaling, seed dormancy, germination, and drought resilience. is expressed in most vegetative and reproductive tissues. AtPUB41 protein is localized in the cytosol and nucleus. T-DNA insertion mutants display reduced seed dormancy, and their germination is less inhibited by exogenous ABA than seeds of wild-type plants. mutant plants are also hypersensitive to drought. ABA induces promoter activity and steady-state mRNA levels in the roots. Our data suggest that is a positive regulator of ABA signaling.

Soil cadmium (Cd) contamination in agriculture has intensified due to industrial development and human activities, which seriously affected the safety production in wheat. There are increasing evidences that rhizosphere bacteria contributed to alleviating Cd stress in plants, but the mechanism of how rhizosphere bacteria affecting the adaptive growth of wheat exposed to Cd contamination has not been extensively explored. Therefore, the rhizosphere bacterial community dynamics and plant growth for wheat were investigated under different levels of soil Cd contamination in accordance with risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land. The results showed that there was no significant difference in transport coefficient of Cd in wheat plants grown in different levels of soil Cd contamination conditions. Soil Cd contamination led to a decrease in soil pH value and an increase in exchangeable Cd content in rhizosphere soil. Although rhizosphere bacterial richness and diversity had no significant difference between soil Cd contamination conditions, as its community composition changed significantly. Under Cd contamination of risk screening value, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Nitrospira showed higher abundance, but Bacteroidetes, Patescibacteria, Sphingomonas, ADurbBin063-1 and Bryobacter were more prevalent under Cd contamination of risk intervention value. The enrichment of Patescibacteria, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria was beneficial for Cd fixation, while Nitrospira enhanced nutrient uptake and utilization. Furthermore, Cd contamination with risk screening value enhanced the relationship among rhizosphere bacterial communities, and Cd contamination with risk intervention value increased the cooperative relationship among rhizosphere bacterial species. Additionally, soil Cd content showed a significantly positive correlation with Patescibacteria and ADurbBin063-1, and a significantly negative correlation with pH. Altogether, the shift in the community structures of rhizosphere bacterial was crucial for farmland protection and food safety in Cd polluted soil.

The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in rice abiotic stress tolerance. has been reported to regulate zinc deficiency and cadmium tolerance. However, the roles of in rice drought and salt tolerance are largely unknown. In this study, we characterized a nuclear-localized NAC TF in rice, , that positively regulates drought and salt tolerance and directly participates in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA). Drought and salt treatment significantly induce the expression of Loss of could made plants more sensitive to drought and salt stress and led to the accumulation of more HO and malondialdehyde (MDA) in vivo after drought and salt stress, while overexpression of in plants showed stronger tolerance to drought and salt stress. Results of yeast one-hybrid assay and dual-luciferase (LUC) assay revealed that OsNAC15 interacted with the promoters of nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dehydrogenases (NCEDs) genes ( and ), which are essential genes for ABA biosynthesis in rice, and promoted the expression of these target genes. In summary, our study reveals that OsNAC15, a NAC TF, may enhance drought and salt tolerance in rice by activating the promoters of key ABA biosynthesis genes ( and ). These results can contribute to further study on the regulatory mechanisms of drought and salt tolerance in rice.

Peanut ( L.), also known as groundnut, is cultivated globally and is a widely consumed oilseed crop. Its nutritional composition and abundance in lipids, proteins, vitamins, and essential mineral elements position it as a nutritious food in various forms across the globe, ranging from nuts and confections to peanut butter. Cultivating peanuts provides significant challenges due to abiotic and biotic stress factors and health concerns linked to their consumption, including aflatoxins and allergens. These factors pose risks not only to human health but also to the long-term sustainability of peanut production. Conventional methods, such as traditional and mutation breeding, are time-consuming and do not provide desired genetic variations for peanut improvement. Fortunately, recent advancements in next-generation sequencing and genome editing technologies, coupled with the availability of the complete genome sequence of peanuts, offer promising opportunities to discover novel traits and enhance peanut productivity through innovative biotechnological approaches. In addition, these advancements create opportunities for developing peanut varieties with improved traits, such as increased resistance to pests and diseases, enhanced nutritional content, reduced levels of toxins, anti-nutritional factors and allergens, and increased overall productivity. To achieve these goals, it is crucial to focus on optimizing peanut transformation techniques, genome editing methodologies, stress tolerance mechanisms, functional validation of key genes, and exploring potential applications for peanut improvement. This review aims to illuminate the progress in peanut genetic engineering and genome editing. By closely examining these advancements, we can better understand the developments achieved in these areas.

Strawberry ( × ) production has been greatly hampered by anthracnose crown rot caused by . Crown, the modified stem of strawberry, is a sink organ involved in sugar allocation. Some Sugar Transport Proteins (STPs) are involved in competition for sugars between pathogen and host. However, the chemical nature and involvement of strawberry s (s) in crown rot development is largely elusive. To reveal how strawberry alters soluble sugars and upregulates s in responses to , high performance liquid chromatograph and  expression analysis were performed in the crowns of three strawberry varieties, following a genome-wide identification of s. Both and mock treatment/control changed glucose, fructose and sucrose accumulation in strawberry crowns. With increasing infection duration, the hexose/sucrose ratio increased in all varieties; no such trend was clearly visible in mock-treated plants. A total of 56 loci scattered across four subgenomes were identified in octoploid strawberry, and most of the protein products of these genes had a preferential location on plasma membrane. Putative fungal elicitor responsive cis-elements were identified in the promoters of more than half s. At least eight members were upregulated in strawberry crowns during invasion. Of them, expression was markedly enhanced in three varieties at all time points except for 3 dpi in 'Jiuxiang'. RNAseq data retrieval further validated the expression responses of s to spp. In summary, this work identified several candidate genes responsive to invasion, demonstrated changes in soluble sugar levels in strawberry crowns as a result of infection, and laid the groundwork for future efforts to engineer strawberry resistance to spp.

Production of stevioside and rebaudioside in is greatly affected due to extreme environmental conditions. MicroRNAs are known to play an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Here, the aim was to study the effect of abiotic stresses on the plantlets and then to identify and validate the expression of the conserved microRNAs and their targets under abiotic stress conditions. The effect of dehydration, salinity and cold stress treatment on 7-week-old plantlets was analyzed. Plant growth, relative water content, malondialdehyde content and antioxidant activity were greatly affected under stress treatment. In the present investigation, amongst the various abiotic stresses studied, 9% PEG treatment greatly affected the plantlets. To identify the microRNAs, BLAST analysis was performed. A homology search of known miRNAs from the PMRD database against non-redundant genomic sequences resulted in the prediction of 37 conserved miRNAs and their targets were identified using the psRNATarget server. All the predicted miRNAs had lengths of 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25 nucleotides, respectively. The identified potential conserved miRNAs belong to 34 distinct miRNA families. The highest potential miRNAs are represented by miR169 family followed by miR156, miR172, and miR396 families. Promoter analysis of miRNA-targets genes revealed the presence of numerous -acting regulatory elements involved in hormonal and stress-response mechanisms. Further, expression analysis revealed an inverse correlation between the selected identified miRNAs and their targets under abiotic stress treatments. Identifying stress-responsive miRNAs and their targets will help us understand the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance in

is a significant medicinal plant indigenous to China and Vietnam. In China, is mainly grown naturally on limestone mountains or is cultivated artificially in arable land. Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil, particularly cadmium (Cd), poses serious threats to soil health, as well as the growth and productivity of . However, information regarding the physiological and metabolic mechanism of under Cd toxicity conditions remains limited. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the physiological and metabolic responses of to varying concentrations of Cd (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 μM), designated as T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. The results indicated that the Cd stress significantly impaired the growth and physiological activity of . Specifically, reductions were observed in plant height (15.3% to 37.1%) along with shoot fresh weight (9.6% to 36.3%), shoot dry weight (8.2% to 34.1%), root fresh weight (6.7% to 38.2%) and root dry weight (5.1% to 51.3%). This impairment was attributed to a higher uptake and accumulation of Cd in the roots. The decrease in growth was closely linked to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which led to cellular damage under Cd toxicity; however, increased antioxidant enzyme activities improved the stress tolerance of 's stress to Cd toxicity. Non-targeted metabolomic analyses identified 380 differential metabolites (DMs) in the roots of subjected to varying level of Cd stress, including amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, ketones, and others compounds. Further KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that several pathways, such as ABC transporters, isoflavonoid biosynthesis, and pyrimidine metabolism were involved in the response to Cd. Notably, the isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway was significantly enriched in both T0 vs. T2 and T0 vs. the higher level (80 μM) of Cd stress, highlighting its significance in the plant responses to Cd stress. In conclusion, the identification of key pathways and metabolites is crucial for understanding Cd stress tolerance in .

Pepino (), native to the Andes Mountains, requires exogenous hormones in its brief frost-free plateau environment to induce parthenocarpy and ensure yield.The effects of different plant growth regulators and application methods on pepino's growth, yield, and fruit quality were analyzed. Results showed that exogenous plant growth regulators had significant effects on various plant traits For instance, plant height decreased by 43.56% in the flower dipping treatment with 40 parts per million (ppm) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), while stem diameter decreased by 21.6% with 40 ppm 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA) spraying, indicating a notable inhibition of vegetative growth. In contrast, reproductive growth improved, with the 20 ppm 2,4-D spray treatment boosting yield by 627.06% compared to the control. Furthermore, the 30 ppm 2,4-D spray produced the highest single fruit weight, a 69.16% increase over the control. However, exogenous hormones also caused fruit cracking, with the highest rate (55.5%) in the 20 ppm 2,4-D spray treatment. As for fruit quality, glucose content decreased, while fructose and sucrose levels significantly increased in hormone-treated fruits compared to the control. No significant differences were observed in flavonoid, total phenol, or vitamin C content. Transcriptome sequencing showed that 16,836 genes were significantly downregulated in pepino flower buds 72 h after a 30 ppm 4-CPA spray. KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that 4-CPA regulates parthenocarpy by influencing amino acid and protein synthesis pathways. Applying plant growth regulators in different concentrations and methods significantly impacts pepino's growth, yield, and fruit quality. These findings could guide other crops facing similar environmental challenges and potentially transform agricultural practices in high-altitude regions.

As components of a family of proteins with peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity family, FKBP (FK506-binding protein) and CYP (Cyclophilins) exert crucial roles in various physiological and biochemical processes such as cell signal transduction and stress resistance. The functions of the FKBP or CYP family have been extensively discussed in various organisms, while the comprehensive characterization of this family in remains unreported. In this study, a total of 22 and 26 genes were identified in the genome of , with highly conserved functional domains observed within each member of these gene families. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both FKBP and CYP proteins from and other plant species clustered into nine distinct groups. Furthermore, RT-qPCR results indicated that certain genes were induced specifically under salt stress while others were induced under heat stress, suggesting their involvement in stress response processes. The analysis of gene function revealed that exhibits some degree of functional conservation.

The current study is the first comprehensive report on the expression of fibrinogen binding protein (FIB) antigen in the genetically engineered switchgrass. Mammary tissue inflammation is one of the major infectious diseases caused by in the dairy animals. The aim of the present study is to develop an efficient and economical bioengineered immunogen for controlling mastitis in developing countries. Plant parts are served as bio-factories to produce antigens against infectious diseases. In this research, mastitis antigenic target (FIB) of was expressed in switchgrass via Ag-nanoparticle mediated nuclear gene transformation to ease oral delivery of FIB antigen. FIB gene was cloned in expression vector through TOPO and Gateway cloning method. Transformation and integration of transgene was confirmed through PCR. The maximum concentration of total soluble fraction of FIB was calculated, and total soluble protein accumulated up to 0.5%. The recombinant FIB protein was purified and extract was prepared. FIB protein induced humoral immune response in mice and immunized orally. To administration oral immunogens against mastitis, FIB from was commercially synthesized and PCR purified, the purified FIB gene was cloned into expression vector. Ag-NPs were encapsulated with pFIB and used as nanocarrier to target delivery of gene in forage grass. Forage seeds were successfully transformed through nuclear delivery and presence of transgene was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction. Transgenic lines of forage grass expressing FIB antigen is successfully developed. The transgenic lines expressing FIB gene were used for mouse study and in-vivo trials showed that switchgrass as transgenic immunogen developed antibodies in blood of animals upon orally delivering the FIB antigen. The expression of mastitis antigen in edible plants could contribute significantly to the development of cost effective and orally administered antigen-based subunit immunogen against dairy mastitis.