The use of subcutaneous ureteral bypass device(s) (SUB) for the treatment of benign ureteral obstructions (BUO) in cats has become more routine in veterinary practices. Device mineralization and chronic urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most reported long-term complications.

Omeprazole alters the esophageal microbiome (EM) of humans and has associated effects.

Description of antibiotic susceptibility of isolates from dogs and cats with hepatobiliary disease is limited.

Phenylbutazone is prescribed to manage pain caused by hyperinsulinemia-associated laminitis. Phenylbutazone reduces glucose and insulin concentrations in horses with insulin dysregulation (ID) but the underlying mechanism of action is unknown.

Indices combining diastolic and systolic tissue Doppler variables, the Ee's' index (E/[e' × s']) and e'a's' index (e'/[a' × s']), have aided detection of myocardial dysfunction and in prediction of poor outcomes in humans with cardiovascular diseases. Studies of Ee's' and e'a's' indices in dogs have not been performed.

Research on fecal microbiota changes during hospitalization of horses with colic is emerging.

Hypocalcemia is a relatively common complication after parathyroidectomy for treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism.

The effects of general anesthesia (GA) on less flow-dependent (velocity ratio, velocity time integral [VTI] ratio and indexed pulmonary valve area [iPVA]) and flow-dependent (mean [PVmeanPG] and maximum pressure gradient [PVmaxPG]) indices of severity of pulmonary stenosis (PS) are unclear.

Acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation (APPLE) scores have not been reported in dogs with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

It is unknown if tumors or concomitant renal disease influence neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations in tumor-bearing dogs.

Endocrine function in ponies differs from horses, with seasonally increased concentrations of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and an increased risk of insulin dysregulation.

The trace elements copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) have been the focus of research into their potential roles in the prognosis of gastrointestinal disorders in humans.

The impact of exercise on the classical and alternative renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) pathways has not been studied in horses.

Information about the association of antimicrobial peptides with hypovitaminosis D in hospitalized foals is lacking.

Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) is a neuroinflammatory disease that is suspected to be immune-mediated. Vaccination and season inconsistently have been reported as risk factors for development of MUO in dogs, but limited prospectively collected data is available to evaluate these potential risk factors.

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) have potential as early biomarkers for acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs.

Serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations are higher in some hyperthyroid cats with normal renal function, presumably due to increased protein catabolism.

The contribution of redox imbalance to equine asthma (EA) pathogenesis remains unclear.

Infections with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) contribute to morbidity and mortality in human neonates. In foals, data are scarce.

Hyperinsulinemia is an important and treatable risk factor for laminitis in horses.