There is a high prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prison populations compared to the general population, and ADHD has also been shown to be associated with criminality and antisocial behavior. This systematic review examines the effect of pharmacological ADHD treatment on criminal recidivism, ADHD symptoms, and rehabilitation in inmates with ADHD.

Producing relevant knowledge on the prevalence of mood disorders (MDs) requires a clear identification of people living with the condition. Analyzing this multifaceted disease from the perspective of health administrative data and population-based surveys could contribute to document inconsistencies between these data sources and highlight the strengths and limitations of each methodological approaches.

Depressive disorder is a common and serious public health challenge globally. Fructus arctii is a traditional medicinal plant ingredient with diverse pharmacological effects. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of Fructus arctii in alleviating depressive-like behaviors.

Rhynchophylline (RHY) can alleviate some cognitive flexibility impairment and stereotyped behavior for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) patients as one of a key extract and an active ingredient in Ningdong granule (NDG), which is a Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation widely used in the treatment of ADHD and TS children in China; however, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate how RHY alleviates hyperactivity and cognitive flexibility impairment while inhibiting inflammatory responses in mice that partly lack dopamine transporter protein (DAT- mice).

Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is standard of care for acute cerebral infarction (ACI) due to large vessel occlusions. However, its clinical efficacy in patients with ACI due to distal medium vessel occlusions (DMVOs) remains unclear. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of MT in patients with ACI due to DMVOs.

This study explored the feasibility of using high-frame-rate ultrasound vector flow imaging (VFI) to quantitatively assess hemodynamics in atherosclerotic internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS) by evaluating dual-parameters, turbulence index (Tur), and wall shear stress (WSS). Their efficacy in evaluating carotid artery stenosis was also analyzed.

Cryptogenic stroke (CS), a subtype of ischemic stroke with undetermined etiology, accounts for approximately 25% of the cases. Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is an important potential cause of CS via paradoxical embolism. While transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the current gold standard for PFO detection, transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound offers a noninvasive alternative with potential advantages in sensitivity for right-to-left shunt (RLS) detection. This study's main goal is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of TCD compared to TEE for PFO detection in CS patients.

Cannabis is by far the most widely used and abused drug listed on the Drug Enforcement Administration's Schedule I, which includes drugs with a high potential for abuse. There is evidence of short-term negative effects of cannabis use on cognition, but only a limited number of studies have explored the association between cannabis use and age-related cognitive decline. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between cannabis use and age-related cognitive decline from early adulthood to late midlife.

The ability to objectively measure chronic stress has important implications for research, prevention, and treatment. Cortisol is currently the most used biological marker in the investigation of stress and can be measured via blood, saliva, and urine; however, these methods have disadvantages. The measurement of cortisol in hair is a more recently developed method that quantifies the cumulative production of cortisol over longer periods of time. Given the potential benefits of hair as a chronic stress biometric, research with this novel method is burgeoning, yet rarely involves transgender ("trans") populations, despite high levels of reported stress among trans people due to experiences of stigma and discrimination. Since hair is a key part of gender presentation, trans people might be less likely than cisgender people to donate hair for research. To explore the feasibility and acceptability of hair collection for use as a stress biometric with trans women, we nested a study into an ongoing clinical trial in São Paulo, Brazil, "Manas por Manas" (Sisters for Sisters). Here, we describe the hair biometric substudy protocol, as well as the feasibility and acceptability of collecting hair in the study cohort.

Neurological symptoms are common in acute mountain sickness (AMS); however, the extent of neuroaxonal damage remains unclear. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is an established blood biomarker for neuroaxonal damage.

This study leveraged the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) to explore the association between diabetes and stroke in middle-aged and older adults in East Asia and assess the causality of this relationship using Mendelian randomization.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) refers to one of the critical image modalities for diagnosis, whereas its long acquisition time limits its application. In this study, the aim was to investigate whether deep learning-based techniques are capable of using the common information in different MRI sequences to reduce the scan time of the most time-consuming sequences while maintaining the image quality.

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) patients might represent a high-risk population for severe COVID-19 disease, as cardiopulmonary symptoms are part of the clinical spectrum of DM1. The COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted DM1 patients. We aimed to determine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on DM1 patients to guide management strategies in possible future pandemics.

Evidence regarding the associations of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate level in plasma and dietary intake of vitamin B6 with depression risk is scarce. Accordingly, we investigated the aforementioned associations in US adults.

Meta-analyses (MAs) provide up-to-date, quantified evidence on treatment effects, which may be useful for clinical and policy decision-making. However, the quality of MAs varies, and methodological flaws can limit their reliability.

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has attracted significant attention as it has been proven to be effective in facilitating upper limb motor recovery in patients with stroke. This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy of dual-site non-invasive brain stimulation (DS-NIBS) in improving upper extremity motor function after stroke.

Short post-learning breaks, lasting from 5 to 30 min, transiently enhance procedural motor memory performance in adults. However, the impact of activity type (active vs. passive) during the offline break on sequential motor performance remains poorly investigated in children.

This study investigated the association between the fetal-type posterior cerebral artery (FTP) and hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage (HTH).

A smartphone is a device with various functions, including wifi, application functions, mobile networks, ease of mobility, and the capability of using mobile data. Because of the aforementioned functions, people may use smartphones frequently. The Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS) is a six-item questionnaire assessing smartphone addiction with promising psychometric properties. However, it is unclear if the SABAS possesses the strong psychometric properties across Asian regions. The present study aimed to examine the factor structure of the SABAS across nine Asian regions.

One of the obstacles to seeking help for suicide is its social stigma. The literature suggests that suicide knowledge could impact this stigma. The present study aims to examine levels and predictors of suicide stigma and suicide literacy among Spanish-speaking individuals from Spain and Latin America.

Studies in experimental animals revealed that acute and chronic treatment with small-molecule immunosuppressive drugs lead to neurobehavioral alterations in rodents.