The severe conditions at high altitudes, where yaks inhabit, contribute to delayed muscular growth and compromised tenderness of their muscle tissue. Myosatellite cells are responsible for the growth and regeneration of skeletal muscle after birth and have the potential to proliferate and differentiate, its development is closely related to meat quality, and the nuclear receptor gene is involved in muscle formation and skeletal muscle regulation. Therefore, in order to understand the effect of on muscle satellite cells, we identified the mRNA expression levels of marker genes specifically expressed in muscle satellite cells at different stages to determine the type of cells isolated. Eventually, we successfully constructed a primary cell line of yak muscle satellite cells. Then we constructed overexpression vector and interference RNA, and introduced them into isolated yak skeletal muscle satellite cells. We performed qPCR, CCK8, and fluorescence-specific to detect the expression of genes or abundance of proteins as markers of cell proliferation and differentiation. Compared with those in the control group, the expression levels of proliferation marker genes , , and were significantly inhibited after overexpression, which was also supported by the CCK-8 test, whereas differentiation marker genes , , and were significantly inhibited. Fluorescence-specific staining showed that KI-67 protein abundance and the number of microfilaments both decreased, while the opposite trend was observed after interference. In conclusion, we confirmed that inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of yak skeletal muscle satellite cells, which provides a theoretical basis for further research on the effect of on improving meat quality traits and meat production performance of yaks.

Domestic cats () are often exposed to stimuli that have the potential to negatively impact their welfare. These can include situations such as veterinary visits, travel, changes to their home environment, and interactions with unfamiliar people or pets. Cannabidiol (CBD)-infused pet products have grown in popularity in recent years, as pet owners search for ways to calm and relax their pets. However, research into the pharmacokinetic properties of CBD in cats is limited and investigations into its efficacy are in their infancy. The present study aimed to explore the effect of a single 4 mg/kg bodyweight dose of a THC-free CBD distillate on measures of stress in cats when experiencing a composite stress-paradigm, consisting of cat carrier travel and exposure to a novel person within an unfamiliar environment. Physiological and behavioural indicators of stress were collected pre-, during, and post-testing. No significant effect of CBD was observed on serum cortisol, IgA, or glucose, either before or immediately after the stress-paradigm (all  > 0.05). This was true despite cortisol being shown to significantly increase post-test for both treatments (both  < 0.001), suggesting that travel and meeting a novel person successfully induced a stress response within this population of cats. No significant differences in any measures of cat behaviour, including latency to approach the novel person, were observed between treatments (all  > 0.05). Overall, no influence of CBD was observed in cats, suggesting further research into appropriate dosage, delivery matrices, and other conditional factors, such as individual coping styles, should be considered.

Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) and feline parvovirus (FPV) cause severe hemorrhagic diarrhea disease in dogs, cats, and fur-bearing and wildlife carnivores worldwide, continuing to pose significant threats. In this study, 140 rectal swabs were collected from 70 domestic dogs and 70 cats with clinical diarrhea in veterinary clinics in Changchun during 2020. A total of 64.3% (45/70) of dogs and 55.7% (39/70) of cats tested positive for CPV-2 or FPV using colloidal gold strips. Amino acid (aa) sequence alignment of the VP2 protein from 39 CPV-2 and 36 FPV samples revealed that 79.5% (31/39) were CPV-2c, 17.9% (7/39) were a new CPV-2a, and 2.6% (1/39) were mink enteritis virus (MEV). and 8.3% (3/36) FPV from the cats was infected by CPV-2, which suggested that CPV-2c was the dominant variant in dogs and FPV was the major pathogen in cats in Changchun city. Phylogenetic relationships of VP2 genes showed that 26 parvoviruses were closely related to domestic strains previously published in China; however, 8 FPVs and CPV-JL-15/China/2020 were clustered in the lineage of South Asiatic and European countries, and 7 out of 8 FPVs were close to Italy. In addition to Q247H, I248Y, F544Y, and E/V545V/K, two novel site mutations of N23D or L630P in NS1 protein, associated with viral cross-species transmissions, were first found as a reminder of genetic relationships of CPV-2 variants and FPVs in the same branch. Thus, regular and massive virus surveillance of parvovirus is necessary to cope with its ongoing infection, circulation, mutations, and evolutions to new subtypes with strong survival abilities.

This case report details the diagnosis and treatment of dentinogenesis imperfecta in a 6-year-old neutered male Labrador, presenting without concurrent osteogenesis imperfecta. Diagnostic modalities, including radiographs, CT imaging, and histopathological examination, are reviewed in conjunction with the latest literature on canine dentinogenesis imperfecta. This patient presented at a more advanced age than typically reported cases. The clinical history, as provided by referring veterinarians, documented fractured deciduous teeth with delayed exfoliation. By 10 months of age, the patient's permanent dentition exhibited a translucent appearance and structural anomalies. Upon presentation to Eastcott Referrals the patient was experiencing significant oral pain and exhibited generalised coronal wear with yellow/brown intrinsic discolouration. CT imaging revealed that all teeth had endodontic disease and associated apical periodontitis, with varied root canal widths indicating that teeth succumbed to endodontic disease at different time points. The treatment protocol involved staged full-mouth extractions, resulting in the complete resolution of clinical symptoms. This case underscores the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in managing dentinogenesis imperfecta in dogs.

A 9-month-old female Jack Russell Terrier was referred because of two episodes of suspected syncope. Echocardiography revealed a large, isolated mid-muscular ventricular septal defect (7 mm) with bidirectional shunting. A diagnosis of Eisenmenger syndrome and erythrocytosis (68.5% of hematocrit) was made and sildenafil therapy (0.5 mg/Kg twice daily) was initiated. Regular follow-up examinations were performed and Sildenafil therapy was gradually increased based on changes in clinical signs, packed cell volume and heart rate. The dog's clinical conditions have been stable without the need of phlebotomy for 4 years and 6 months, until April 2021 (month 74) (about 7 years of survival) when the dog had 80% of hematocrit and signs of hyperviscosity syndrome. The dosage of administered sildenafil reached gradually 6 mg/Kg DIE (2 mg/Kg three times a daily) in June 2022. Lastly, in November 2023 a closed pyometra was diagnosed and the dog was hospitalized and operated. The major concerns in the peri-operative period were hypotension and the profound hypoxemia, but the dog was discharged and recovered normal activity in approximately 11 days. This report describes the long-term management with sildenafil citrate of Eisenmenger syndrome secondary to a muscular ventricular septal defect with right-to-left shunting in a dog. Sildenafil therapy was always well tolerated with no side effects reported, even at higher dosage and drastically reduced the need for phlebotomy.

Oxidative stress, resulting from environmental changes, significantly affects female fertility. Developing a mouse model to study oxidative stress lays the groundwork for research into human reproductive health and livestock fertility.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects multiple food-animal species and spreads rapidly among ungulate populations, posing significant challenges for disease control. Understanding the dynamics of FMD transmission and evaluating the effectiveness of control measures are critical for mitigating its impact. This study introduces a multiscale compartmental stochastic model to simulate FMD spread and assess countermeasures.

Spatial ability tests measure capacity for mentally understanding and interpreting three-dimensional images. Such skills have been found to be predictive for anatomical learning success and proficiency in human and veterinary medical students. Veterinarians in the radiology and surgery field develop high levels of three-dimensional topographic anatomic understanding through exposure to anatomy portions of the veterinary curriculum, followed by highly specialized residency programs. Validated testing tools were used to compare spatial and general non-verbal reasoning abilities in veterinarians in the field of radiology (radiology group, RG) and veterinarians in the field of surgery (surgery group, SG). These tests were: Guay's Visualization of Views Test: Adapted Version (GVVT), the Mental Rotation Test (MRT), and Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices Test, short form (APMT). Results showed a significant difference for GVVT scores in favor of the RG (15.2 ± 0.3 and 12.3 ± 0.4, respectively,  < 0.05). There were no significant differences in scores for MRT and APMT between the RG and SG. There was a significant positive correlation between spatial ability tests scores and general non-verbal reasoning test scores for the RG but not for the SG. Future studies are planned to determine if the RG innately possess high spatial and reasoning skills, and to expand the present findings to other veterinary specialty areas.

Anesthesia is applied to protect fish welfare for reducing employee workload in aquaculture. The efficacy of the anesthetic agent varies depending on the fish species. In this study, the effect of a commercial anesthetic (VetiVital AquaSED) manufactured mainly with herbal extracts (includes eugenol, linalool, linalyl acetat etc.) on three different fish species (rainbow trout, common carp, and Danube sturgeon) was investigated. In addition, the best available concentration of the anesthetic mixture for each species was determined using the PROMETHEE decision model. Danube sturgeon showed more resistance to anesthetics than the other two species. It was determined that the increase in concentration caused histological deterioration in fish. On the other hand, hematological parameters were affected by the anesthetic mixture, and this effect returned to normal levels after 8 h. According to the multi-criteria decision model, the best available concentrations determined by considering 10 different criteria are 400, 480, and 675 mg L for rainbow trout, common carp and Danube sturgeon, respectively. Future studies should focus on developing the most appropriate anesthesia mixture in terms of physiological and anesthesia effectiveness for the target fish species.

Previous studies inferred that the synthesis rate/efficiency of protein in body tissue is probably affected by synchronicity of different amino acid (AA) supply in its metabolic pool. In order to further observe the influence of synchronicity of AA supply on the synthesis of protein in cell level, a cell culture experiment was conducted with C2C12 myotubes. C2C12 myotubes were cultured for 24 h, meanwhile the culture medium was replaced for each 8 h. Those myotubes were subjected to 3 treatments (1 for controlled and 2 for tested), control myotubes were cultured with same normal complete medium within the whole 24 h, and the 2 tested myotubes were cultured with asynchronous amino acid supply medium in which the levels of different AAs (Lysine, threonine, methionine, leucine, valine and glutamic acid) either increased and then decreased or decreased and then increased, at different replaced medium time point (at 0, 8, and 16 h). However, during the whole experiment period all the 3 treated myotubes received same amount of each AA. The sample of the myotubes were used for myotube morphology, protein, AA, and proteomic analysis. The results showed that asynchronous AA nutrition affect the synthesis and degradation of myotube proteins, and the AAAS in the medium increase, thus decreasing the synthesis rate of myotube proteins ( < 0.05) and decreasing the diameter of myotubes ( < 0.05). The process of reduced protein synthesis affects the PI3K-AKT and FoxO signaling pathway by downregulating the levels of IRS1 and EGFR, and the degradation amplitude is greater than the synthesis amplitude. Therefore, this study further revealed the effect of the asynchronous supply of amino acids on myotube protein synthesis and the underlying mechanism and provided a theoretical reference for the precision of nutrition to animals.

This study aimed to provide a detailed analysis of the pandemic's impact on the veterinary profession and education in Austria.

Brachycephalic dogs are overrepresented with ventricular enlargement. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics are not completely understood. MRI techniques have been used for the visualization of CSF dynamics including phase-contrast imaging.

At 4 months of age, a male dog was presented with a complaint of a stiff gait following a startle response. Neurological examination revealed no deficits, but clinical myotonia was easily induced upon requesting the patient to jump. Additionally, myotonia of the upper lip muscles was observed upon manipulation. Hereditary myotonia was suspected, and electromyography confirmed the presence of myotonic potentials. Genetic testing of the myotonic patient identified a complex of mutations, including c.[1636_1639 delins AACGGG] and c.[1644 A>T], both located in exon 15 of the gene leading to the formation of a premature stop codon. Genetic investigations of the mother and four littermates revealed that, except for one littermate who was wild type, all others carried a copy of the mutated gene. To the best of the authors' knowledge, these mutations have not been previously reported.

Human alveolar echinococcosis caused by is an important zoonotic disease in the northern hemisphere. The life cycle of is maintained primarily in wild animals and requires an intermediate host (mainly small mammals). Human can become an intermediate host through accidental ingestion of eggs. Hokkaido Prefecture is the only area of Japan in which human alveolar echinococcosis is endemic. The purposes of this study were to elucidate the land use ecological factors associated with the density of red fox feces along paved roads and the relationship between the distributions of red fox () populations and fox feces, which determine the level of hazard from eggs.

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) represents a global acute respiratory condition that imposes substantial economic burdens on the cattle industry due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Various factors contribute to the development of BRDC, including pathogen infections, environmental stresses, weaning of calves, and herd relocation. Viral pathogens, notably bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), play a critical role in the etiology of BRDC, with single or combined viral infections being particularly clinically significant. In this study, we developed a duplex TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR assay targeting the conserved regions of the F gene of BRSV and the 5' UTR sequence of BVDV. The limits of detection for BRSV and BVDV were 6.83 copies/μL and 5.24 copies/μL, respectively. Our validation data suggest the assay has excellent sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. Testing of clinical samples revealed prevalence of BRSV and BVDV in local farms in Jiangsu Province, China. This study provides an efficient diagnostic tool for the epidemiological investigation of BRDC.

The preservation of locally endangered breeds is essential for maintaining ecosystem services that benefit both society and the environment. Reproductive fitness becomes a crucial consideration in this context. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that play a key role in post-transcriptional regulation. Typically, they function within the tissues where they are produced. However, when they are released into extracellular fluid, they are referred to as circulating miRNAs (c-miRNAs). C-miRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers, whose profile changes under different physiological states. The purpose of this study is to establish a connection between distinctive variations in the expression of c-miRNAs and specific estrus cycle phases in Frabosana-Roaschina sheep, an endangered Piedmontese breed.

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is a common, acquired, and progressive canine heart disease. The presence of heart murmur and current cardiac biomarkers are useful in MMVD cases but are not sufficiently discriminatory for staging an individual patient.

Shift in laying hens housing from conventional cage-based systems to alternatives has impacted their health and performance. Microorganisms colonize young chick in the early stages of their physiological and immune development. These colonizing microbes originate from parent and the environment. is among the normal gut colonizing bacteria however, some strains known as avian pathogenic (APEC), cause local or systemic infections (colibacillosis) responsible of significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Potential APEC strains and other poultry gut microbiota are influenced by several factors such as housing system, and the use of feed additives (prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotic, among others). This review will discuss the status of pullets and layers immunity, gut health, and predisposing factors of colibacillosis. Dietary interventions and some colibacillosis mitigation strategies in pullets and laying hens are reviewed and discussed. With the development of sequencing technologies and the use of feed additives as alternatives to antibiotics, future studies need to understand some of the complex associations between the feed additives, the rearing environment, and their selective pressure on gut microbiota, including , and their impacts on immune development in pullets and hens.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b continue to have unprecedented global impacts on wild birds and mammals, with especially significant mortality observed in colonial surface-nesting seabirds and in some marine mammal species. In July of 2023 H5N1 HPAIV 2.3.4.4b was detected in Caspian terns nesting on Rat Island, Washington USA. An estimated 1,800-1,900 adult terns populated the breeding colony, based on aerial photographs taken at the start of the outbreak. On a near-weekly basis throughout July and August, we counted and removed carcasses, euthanized moribund birds, and collected swab and tissue samples for diagnostic testing and next-generation sequencing. We directly counted 1,101 dead Caspian tern adults and 520 dead chicks, indicating a minimum 56% loss of the adult colony population and potential impacts to reproductive success. Combining the observed mortality on Rat Island with HPAI-related Caspian tern deaths recorded elsewhere in Washington and Oregon, we estimate that 10-14% of the Pacific Flyway population was lost in the summer of 2023. Comparatively few adult Glaucous-winged gulls (hybrids) nesting on Rat Island died (~3% of the local population), although gull chick mortality was high. Sixteen harbor seals in the immediate or nearby area stranded during the outbreak, and H5N1 HPAIV was detected in brain and/or lung tissue of five seals. These cases are the first known detections of HPAIV in a marine mammal on the Pacific coast of North America. Phylogenetic analyses support the occurrence of at least three independent avian-mammalian virus spillover events (tern or gull to harbor seal). Whole genome sequencing indicated that H5N1 HPAIV may have been introduced to Washington from Caspian terns in Oregon. Ongoing monitoring and surveillance for H5N1 HPAIV in the marine environment is necessary to understand the epidemiology of this virus, assess conservation impacts to susceptible species, and provide support for data-driven management and response actions.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious viral disease that causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection is a receptor-mediated endocytosis and replication process. The purpose of this study was to determine the localization and expression of four important PRRSV receptors in immunological organs of piglets. After piglets were infected with PRRSV, Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, immunofluorescence, and Western blot were used to perform histopathological examination and receptors distribution analysis. The results showed that PRRSV caused severe damage to the piglets' immune organs, including atrophy of the thymus and swelling of lymph node. Histopathological lesions were mainly observed in the lung and lymph node and were characterized by interstitial pneumonia, collapsed follicles, exhaustion of germinal centers, and extensive hemorrhage. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot results showed that the receptors of CD163 and NMHCII-A were mainly distributed in the thymus, hilar lymph nodes, and mesenteric lymph nodes. However, Sn and vimentin receptors were expressed at low levels in the immune organs of piglets. The distribution of the four receptors in the immune organs was more concentrated in the cortex but was more scattered in the medulla. Compared to the control group, the relative expression of the four receptors increased significantly in most immune organs after viral infection. In conclusion, our study examined the distribution and expression of four PRRSV receptors in immunological organs. We observed a significant increase in the expression of Sn, CD163, and vimentin following viral infection. These findings may provide potential targets for future antiviral reagent design or vaccine development.