Neurodegenerative diseases pose significant challenges to healthcare systems globally due to their complex etiology and relentless progression, often rendering conventional treatments ineffective. Recent advances have spotlighted excitatory amino acids, particularly D-amino acids, once considered as products of metabolism of the microbiota or deriving from food intake. This review explores the role of D-amino acids in mitigating excitotoxicity-a process characterized by excessive calcium influx through aberrant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases like Alzheimer's disease. By providing alternative pathways for neuronal signaling and protecting against excitotoxic damage, D-amino acids offer a novel approach to reversing neurodegenerative trajectories. Future research should focus on elucidating the detailed mechanisms of action of these compounds, evaluating their therapeutic potential through rigorous preclinical and clinical trials, and developing effective delivery systems to optimize their neuroprotective effects. This emerging field holds promise for developing innovative treatment strategies that could significantly improve outcomes for patients with neurodegenerative disorders.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms. It has been found that intestinal issues usually precede motor symptoms. Microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract can affect central nervous system through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Accumulating evidence has shown that disturbances in the microbiota-gut-brain axis are linked with PD. Thus, this pathway appears to be a promising therapeutic target for treatment of PD.

Stroke leads to reduced mobility and functional capacity, also negatively affects respiratory functions and muscle strength.

This study investigates the significance of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL-1) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and peripheral neuropathy (PN).

Functional motor disorders (FMDs) are prevalent and highly disabling conditions among young adults, leading to reduced independence. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, the economic burden of FMDs remains largely unknown.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease marked by motor neuron degeneration, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis, with no effective treatments available. Early diagnosis could slow disease progression and optimize treatment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are being investigated as potential biomarkers due to their regulatory roles in cellular processes and stability in biofluids. However, variability across studies complicates their diagnostic utility in ALS. This study aims to identify significantly dysregulated miRNAs in ALS through meta-analysis to elucidate disease mechanisms and improve diagnostic strategies.

Bowel and bladder symptoms are frequent in people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) and early diagnosis and treatment become crucial to improve their quality of life (QoL). The study aims to design a multidisciplinary questionnaire for screening bladder and bowel symptoms in PwMS.

Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is an established therapy for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), but recanalization is not always achieved. Common reasons are inadequate removal at the thrombus site and difficulties with the access route. In order to identify risk factors for MT failure we conducted a retrospective study on a high-volume comprehensive stroke center.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as apathy, disinhibition and irritability, are common in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP). The Frontal Behaviour Inventory (FBI) is a useful instrument for the evaluation of behavioural disorders in neurodegenerative diseases. The main goal of the present study was to explore the psychometric properties of the FBI in PSP.

Cognitive impairment affects approximately 30% of pediatric onset Multiple Sclerosis (POMS) patients with a negative impact on everyday life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a home-based, computer-assisted training of attention in patients with POMS.

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder affecting approximately 10-20% of adults worldwide. Despite various available treatment modalities, significant gaps remain in improving sleep maintenance and reducing functional impairments.

Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a non-invasive therapeutic technique that utilizes focused ultrasound waves to generate heat at specific tissue targets within the brain. This emerging technology holds promise for its precision and potential benefits in comparison to traditional surgical interventions. This investigation involves a scoping review, summarizing insights from various studies that explore the advantages, limitations, and outcomes associated with MRgFUS in the treatment of dystonia.

Despite the currently available treatment, one-third of epilepsy patients continue to experience seizures. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a potential neuromodulation approach for the non-invasive treatment of refractory epilepsy. This study aims to provide a comprehensive investigation of the efficacy and safety of tDCS in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. The following databases were searched from inception until June 2023; PubMed, Scopus, Embase, WOS, EBSCO, Cochrane Central, and Ovid MEDLINE. Pooled mean difference was calculated for change in seizure frequency (SF), and number of Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) at different follow-up intervals. We included nine parallel randomized sham-controlled trials with a total of 267 patients. Active tDCS patients had a significantly lower SF per month at 4 and 8 weeks (MD = -4.06, 95% CI [-6.01 to -2.12], p < 0.0001), and (MD = -2.66, 95% CI [-5.09 to -0.23], p = 0.03), respectively. However, weekly SF showed no statistically significant results at 4 weeks of follow-up. The IEDs were observed to significantly decline at 2, 4, and 8 weeks of follow-up. The reported adverse events were mild including mild itching and erythematous rash that resolved spontaneously. In conclusion, tDCS significantly reduced monthly SF and the number of IEDs. Future large RCTs with standard clear informed parameters are still required.

The influence of COVID19 vaccination on the risk of different neurological diseases has been subject of intense investigation. No large scale results have been published so far in the population of around 10 million people of Lombardia in Italy.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the pediatric population's most frequent malignant intracranial lesions. Prognostication plays a crucial role in optimizing treatment strategy in the MB setting. Several studies have developed ML-based models to predict survival outcomes in individuals with MB. In this systematic review and meta-analysis study, we aimed to evaluate the role of ML-based models in predicting survival in MB patients.

The incidence of ischemic stroke in young adults has increased substantially. There are limited data in the literature concerning the short-term clinical outcome in young adults with acute stroke after revascularization treatment. Due to the lack of available data on gender differences short-term clinical outcome, we designed the present study.

Accurate recognition of consciousness level and detection of neurological complications since the intensive care unit are crucial for an appropriate prognostication and tailored treatment in patients with post-anoxic disorder of consciousness (DoC).