The pituitary gland is a vital endocrine organ regulating body homeostasis through six hormone-secreting cell types. Among these, pituitary gonadotrope cells are essential for reproductive function. Throughout pituitary ontogenesis, gonadotrope cells differentiate in a stepwise process, involving both morphogenic cues and transcription factors, which drives specification of progenitor cells into specialized endocrine cells. It is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying gonadotrope differentiation, as developmental defects and abnormalities in this process can lead to many reproductive pathologies.

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an increased risk of cognitive impairment. In this study, we investigated the effect of L5-an electronegative subfraction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-on the cognitive function of patients with T2DM.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) frequently have a genetic basis, and the range of genes implicated in NETs development continues to expand. Application of targeted gene panels (TGP) in next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a central strategy for elucidating novel variants associated with NETs development.

Lu-PRRT in NETs is usually delivered with a total cumulative activity (TCA) of 29.6 GBq, divided into 4 cycles and with fixed interval between cycles (IBC) of 8 weeks. Based on prevoius radiobiological studies, reducing IBC could improve efficacy without increasing toxicity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate safety of Lu-PRRT with two different IBC: intensive (every 5 weeks) or standard (every 8-10 weeks).

Clinical presentation and genetic profile of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are highly variable, hampering their management. Sequencing of circulating tumor DNA from liquid biopsy (LB) has been proposed as a less invasive alternative to solid biopsy (SB). Our aim was to compare the mutational profile (MP) provided by LB with that deriving from SB in GEP-NETs.

Among 100 MEN-1patients enrolled, 59 (59%) were female and 41 (41%) male, mean age at diagnosis was 39.4 years (range 5-86). No statistically significant association was identified between MEN-1 clinical manifestations and gender (primary hyperparathyroidism PHPT p: 1.0, DP-NET p: 0.83, pituitary adenoma PA p: 0.84, lung NET p: 0.64 and thymic NET p: 0.10), similarly age at diagnosis of MEN1 and its individual manifestations was similar between genders. Survival analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between genders in DP-NET patients regarding progression disease p:1.0 and death p:1.0. Mean progression free survival (PFS) of patients with DP-NET was 98.6 months (range 3-288), mean overall survival (OS) was 130.1 months (range 3-444 months), without differences between genders (PFS p: 0.67 and OS p: 0.60). The Kaplan-Meier survival curves for PFS and OS showed no differences between genders (PFS p: 0.92; OS p: 0.87).

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and major depressive disorder (MDD) together occur frequently among the elderly population. However, the inconsistency in assessments and limited medical resources in the community make it challenging to identify depression in patients with T2DM. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the activation pattern and network connectivity of prefrontal cortex (PFC) during a verbal fluency task (VFT) in patients with T2DM and MDD using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).

The novel coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 triggered the COVID-19 pandemic with severe economic and social ramifications. As the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the respiratory system becomes more understood, growing evidence suggests that the virus also impacts the homeostasis-regulating neuroendocrine system, potentially affecting other organ systems.

The number of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) is on the rise, partly due to a global increase in new T1D cases among children. Beyond the well-documented microvascular and macrovascular complications, there is now substantial evidence indicating that diabetes also impacts the brain, leading to neuropsychological impairments. The risk of developing neuropsychiatric symptoms is notably higher in childhood due to the ongoing maturation of the brain, which makes it more susceptible to damage. Despite this awareness, the specific effects of diabetes on cognitive function remain poorly understood.

Male prolactinomas are uncommon and typically macroadenomas with difficult treatment and management. The purpose of this study was to summarize the treatment and management experiences of 254 male prolactinoma patients at a single center.

Cerebral swelling and brain injury in ischemic stroke are closely related to increased vasopressin (VP) secretion. How to alleviate ischemic brain injury by suppressing VP hypersecretion through simply available approaches remains to be established.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate longitudinal changes in Ki-67 indices of SI-NETs and assess the impact of these in overall survival (OS).

Empathy is the ability of an individual to present and respond to the emotions of others and is thought to originate from parental behavior. Testosterone could promote aggression and inhibit biparental behavior and vasopressin (AVP) could promote aggression. Given levels of aggression and parental care are closely associated with levels of empathy, we hypothesized that testosterone may influence empathetic behavior via the AVP system.

Nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NF-PanNET) ≤2 cm can be observed or resected. Surgery remains recommended for NF-PanNET >2 cm but its extent, enucleation (EN) versus formal resection, remains controversial.

In perinatal female rats, the glutamine (Gln)-glutamate cycle (GGC) constitutively supplies Gln to neurons of the ventral lateral ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (vlVMH) to sustain glutamatergic synaptic transmission (GST). In contrast, male pups may use Gln only during periods of elevated neuronal activity. Perinatal disruption of the GGC has sex-specific effects on the GST and morphology of vlVMH neurons during adulthood. Since (vl)VMH neuronal activities regulate mating behavior expression, we hypothesize that maintaining a perinatal intact GGC may be essential for the sexual differentiation of reproductive behaviors.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of epithelial tumors originating from different anatomical sites, and identifying the gut microbiota and metabolic mechanisms involved in the onset of NETs may help to develop appropriate disease prevention and monitoring strategies.

The actions of thyroid hormones (THs) in the central nervous system are relevant to food intake and energy expenditure. TH receptors exhibit high expression in brain areas modulating energy balance, including the arcuate, paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic, and ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamic nuclei.