Polyphenols are widely present in botanicals and are partially responsible for the health benefits associated with plant-based diets. Due to their nutritional and health-promoting properties, polyphenols are increasingly being proposed as innovative food ingredients, whether for technological applications or for inclusion in food supplements and other food products to enhance health. However, the regulatory considerations surrounding the use of polyphenols in human nutrition are critical. Although polyphenols are routinely consumed through fruits and vegetables, in Europe, polyphenols and plant extracts can be classified as novel foods or food additives. The scientific evaluation conducted by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to obtain the necessary authorizations is stringent, requiring a substantial level of evidence to ensure the safe use of polyphenols. This work aims to provide an overview of the current European regulatory frameworks for novel foods and food additives and to discuss the scientific requirements for the approval of pure polyphenols and polyphenol-rich botanical extracts in Europe.

Multitarget inhibitors exhibit significant advantages in reducing the risk of drug resistance, enhancing therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing dosage, outperforming multicomponent combination drugs. On the basis of glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18) chitinases and GH20 β--acetylhexosaminidase using the same substrate-assisted catalytic mechanism and similar substrate binding modes, a series of novel azo-aminopyrimidine compounds have been designed and synthesized as multitarget inhibitors targeting chitinolytic enzymes OChi-h and OHex1. Compounds (OChi-h, = 29.3 nM; OHex1, = 4.9 μM) and (OChi-h, = 32.4 nM; OHex1, = 7.2 μM) were identified to be potent multitarget inhibitors of these enzymes, which were predicted to occupy the -1 subsite and engage in H-binding interactions with catalytic residues. also displayed significant insecticidal activity against lepidopteran pests through leaf dipping and pot experiments. In addition, the safety of to corn and the natural enemy was comprehensively evaluated. This present work indicates that azo-aminopyrimidines, as multitarget inhibitors against chitinolytic enzymes, can be further developed as safe and efficient pest control and management agents.

Chickpea L.) is the second most widely grown legume crop after soybean. Here, we measured the macronutrients and performed proteome profiling of eight chickpea cultivars using two complementary protein extraction solvents. The total protein, starch, and soluble sugar contents significantly differ between cultivars, and we quantified 2434 and 1809 proteins, respectively, from urea- and water-based extraction solvents using a data-independent acquisition approach. The proteome-level differences can vary from 9-25% for the urea-extracted proteins, and the storage protein abundances significantly differed between the cultivars, where legumin content was detected as the highest, followed by vicilin and albumin. Fifty common allergens were detected from two extraction solvents, primarily overrepresented in chromosomes 3, 4, and 5. Integrated analysis revealed distinct subclusters of proteins and their associated pathways for total protein, lipids, and starch content. Overall, we established chickpea pan-proteome resources and provided insights into the key pathways that define the genotypes.

is a recurring pest in the maize seedling stage under the wheat-maize no-tillage direct seeding system in China's summer maize region. Our previous research identified a highly pathogenic to , which spore wall protein plays an important role in the infection process. However, the regulatory mechanism of this spore wall protein is still unclear. In this study, we explored the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs on spore wall proteins. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that expression of the spore wall protein, , significantly increased in the germination group compared to dormancy group. Silencing of reduced the number of microsporidian spores breaking through the midgut wall cells of . Association analysis of small RNA and mRNA revealed that the targeting site of miR-PC-3p-241582_34 on was located in the CDS region, and miR-PC-3p-241582_34 had a significant negative regulatory relationship with . The dual luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-PC-3p-241582_34 significantly affected the luciferase activity of the -3'UTR expression vector ( < 0.05). Delivery of miRNA mimics decreased the expression of and inhibited the behavior of microsporidian spores breaking through the midgut wall of . On the other hand, delivery of inhibitors produced opposite results, indicating that the miR- pathway plays an important role in microsporidian infection of . This study provides a new theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenic mechanism and gene regulation of microsporidia, as well as for the green control of .

Anthocyanins have limited application as natural colorants and antioxidants due to their color loss and instability under certain conditions. This research explores the formation of a complex between lignosulfonates (LS) and cyanidin-3--glucoside (C3G) using a multitechnique approach as well as the effect on C3's red color, oxidative stability, and antioxidant activity in acidic mediums. All data revealed pH-dependent LS-C3G interactions. The thermodynamic parameters showed weak noncovalent interactions, mainly electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic effect, with a higher association constant determined at pH 3. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Zeta-potential experiments further corroborate evidence of these LS-C3G interactions. Fluorescence quenching and lifetime experiments revealed static and dynamic quenching at pH 1 and 3, respectively. UV-visible spectroscopy demonstrated a bathochromic shift upon complex formation and a hyperchromic effect at pH 3 and 4, as a consequence of the improved red color of C3G. Electrochemical results suggested that at pH 3 the LS enhances C3G stability by protecting its oxidizable moieties over time, as well as improving the antioxidant activity of the anthocyanin in the complex.

In acute liver injury (ALI), cell membrane damage could induce an inflammatory response and oxidative stress. As a membrane glycerophospholipid, plasmalogens (PLS) are crucial in regulating the cell membrane properties and exhibit beneficial effects in various liver diseases. However, the specific regulatory effects of PLS in the ALI remain unknown.

The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases has increased in recent decades. Its exact pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, and only a few drugs can be used clinically to alleviate disease symptoms. Increasing evidence highlights plant-derived compounds are becoming a promising resource for mitigating the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Uvaol () is an ursane-type triterpenoid commonly found in olive leaves, fruits, and virgin olive oil. It is one of the rare compounds in olive oil that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Despite its potential neuroprotective activity, research on its structural variations and antineuroinflammatory properties remains sparse. This study explored the biotransformation of uvaol using three fungal species: , , and . This process yielded 15 new compounds along with seven known ones. Their structures were determined through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. Furthermore, the antineuroinflammatory activities of compounds were evaluated by using MTT and Griess assays. Notably, compound was found to markedly suppress the transcriptional levels of inflammation-associated elements such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 in BV-2 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Moreover, compound also facilitated autophagy by upregulating ULK1 mRNA expression and downregulating the p62 protein. These results suggested that biotransformation was an effective approach for rapidly diversifying uvaol and providing a basal material for the discovery of candidates in treating neurodegenerative diseases.

Chloramphenicol (CAP), an aminoalcohol antibiotic, exerts its action on bacterial ribosomes, thereby obstructing protein synthesis. However, the use of CAP in husbandry may lead to its excessive accumulation in animal-derived food products. This presents potential risks to consumer health. This study developed a novel dual-amplification fluorescence detection method by integrating enzyme-assisted solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with a FeO@Au NP-based DNA nanowalker for the detection of CAP in food. The combination of a quartz rod-based SPME biosensor and DNA nanowalker effectively eliminated matrix interference, enabling the conversion of CAP and enhancement of detection signals through two cyclic amplification processes. The strategy demonstrated high sensitivity with a limit of detection of 28.1 aM as well as a wide linear range from 0.1 fM to 1 nM (with > 0.99). This method also demonstrates robust stability and accuracy in detecting trace amounts of CAP in both authentic and prepared positive samples.

Research on the patterns and mechanisms of liver lipid remodeling regulated by propolis is limited. In the present study, the nine-month experimental duration has shed light on the positive influences of propolis on lipid metabolism and thermogenesis capacity in the livers of mice. Eight major compounds in propolis were characterized using UPLC-QTOF-MS technology. Propolis significantly lowered serum triglycerides (TGs) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), but it also led to increased insulin (INS) levels. Lipidomics change trend analysis of 1671 lipid components across 42 categories revealed that the level of glycerophospholipids (GPs) decreased while glycerolipids (GLs) and fatty acids (FAs) increased in the liver. The expression levels of eight key genes involved in the conversion of GP to GL pathways in the liver were enhanced in the propolis group. Molecular docking results elucidated the high binding affinities between the eight components of propolis and eight receptors involved in lipid metabolism, indicating that primary compounds of propolis possess potent capabilities for phospholipid remodeling and lipolysis. These results imply that propolis could facilitate the browning of the liver adipose tissue, promote the conversion of GPs to DGs and FFAs, enhance the consumption of FFAs through thermogenic pathways, and thereby exert lipolytic and hepatoprotective functions.

Ca is an important regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial function. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) serves as the predominant pathway for the influx of extracellular Ca into the cell. ORAI1, ORAI2, and ORAI3 are the main proteins of SOCE. Ca disturbance leads to ER stress and mitochondrial damage. β-Carotene (β-C) is a precursor of vitamin A and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, it remains unclear if β-C mitigates ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by LPS and its underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). Therefore, the experiment aimed to explore the protective mechanism of β-C. Results showed that LPS increased the ORAI1 expression, and caused ER stress by upregulating the expression of ER stress-related genes and proteins in BMECs. LPS also caused mitochondrial dysfunction by decreasing mitochondrial fusion proteins and increasing mitochondrial division and apoptosis proteins. Silencing ORAI1 mitigated ER stress and mitochondrial impairment caused by LPS. Conversely, elevated ORAI1 levels induced similar stress and damage in BMECs. β-C pretreatment resulted in diminished ORAI1 expression and a reduction in ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by LPS. However, ORAI1 overexpression blocked the protective effects of β-C. In conclusion, β-C alleviated the LPS-induced ER stress and mitochondria dysfunction in an ORAI1-dependent manner. Our findings provide a mechanistic basis for further exploration of the regulatory effects of β-C on mammary injuries.

is a soft rot phytopathogenic bacterium mainly infecting potatoes. The virulence of is controlled by quorum sensing (QS), a communication mechanism which enables bacteria to coordinate their behavior in a population density-dependent manner. Inhibiting QS has gained interest as a sustainable alternative to conventional treatments to control pathogens in agriculture. Here, we investigate the potential of a robust lactonase to inhibit virulence in vitro, combining phenotypic and proteomic studies. We report that exogenous lactonase treatment reduced the secretion of pectate lyase, cellulase, and polygalacturonase enzymes, leading to decreased virulence on potato tubers. Major changes in the proteome revealed that lactonase affects the abundance of proteins with various functions, including virulence. Taken as a whole, these results suggest that lactonase-mediated disruption of QS in is a promising strategy to limit infections.

During the periparturient transition period, dairy cows are often accompanied by disorders of liver glycolipid metabolism. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays an important role in the homeostasis of glycolipid metabolism. Trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] is an essential trace element in the body. Here, we investigated the protective effect of chromium trivalent on nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA)-induced glycolipid metabolism disorder in bovine hepatocytes and elucidated the potential mechanism. First, the effects of Cr(III) on glycolipid metabolism disorder induced by 1.2 mM NEFA were studied by pretreating bovine hepatocytes with Cr(III). Then, after pretreatment with PI3K pathway inhibitor LY294002 (2 μM), we investigated whether the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway of Cr(III) plays a role in maintaining glycolipid metabolism homeostasis. The results showed that Cr(III) pretreatment effectively inhibited lipid synthesis, promoted lipid oxidation and VLDL assembly, and increased glycogen generation, thereby improving the glycolipid metabolism disorder induced by NEFA in bovine hepatocytes. However, the beneficial effects of Cr(III) on glycolipid homeostasis were eliminated after pretreatment with inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, Cr(III), as an essential trace element, ameliorates NEFA-induced glucose and lipid metabolism disorders while promoting gluconeogenesis in dairy cow hepatocytes by relying on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

The prevalence of food allergies has increased in recent decades in industrialized developed countries. Defects are influenced by environmental factors in early life, including early colonizers of the human gut microbiota. Therapeutic solutions are limited, and the lack of efficient treatments has led to the search for new treatments, including biotherapies. Promising results from this search suggest that immunomodulatory probiotic bacteria, in particular, may yield new biotherapeutic or preventive strategies to address the increasing burden of food allergies. In this context, we investigated the potential impact of CIRM-BIA129, a recognized immunomodulatory probiotic bacterium, on food allergy development in a murine model. Preventive effects of this probiotic were evaluated in the context of an induced wheat gliadin allergy. Following sensitization using gliadins, clinical and immunological parameters were monitored following an oral challenge with wheat gliadin. When consumed orally, CIRM-BIA129 prevented induced wheat gliadin allergy. Probiotic administration favored the differentiation of Treg cells at the expense of Th2 cells in mice. Notably, CIRM-BIA129 ΔslpB, which contains a mutation in the gene encoding a key surface protein involved in adhesion and immunomodulation, failed to induce the same phenotype. Accordingly, the wild-type probiotic stimulated IL-10 production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, while the mutant did not. Altogether, these results indicate that the CIRM-BIA129 strain can mitigate the food allergic response through its immunomodulatory effects mediated by the surface layer protein SlpB. This finding provides new perspectives for biotherapies aimed at managing the increased prevalence of food allergy.

Ningnanmycin has been proven to effectively inhibit infection by potato virus Y (PVY), although its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we report a novel finding that ningnanmycin affects PVY replication. Two approaches were employed: studies using PVY movement-deficient mutants suggest that ningnanmycin, at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, inhibits PVY replication. Ningnanmycin interacts with the PVY-encoded coat protein (CP) with a binding constant of 1.34 μmol/L, and key amino acids Glu and Thr are involved in this interaction. Additionally, ningnanmycin induces the expression of antiviral response genes in , including , , , and . Furthermore, studies revealed that the overexpression of in confers resistance to PVY infection. These findings highlight the mechanisms by which ningnanmycin activates the gene and suppresses CP assembly, thereby inhibiting PVY in . This study represents an important step toward elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the antiviral activity of ningnanmycin.

The ability of edible mushrooms to modulate the intestinal microbiota is a topic of interest. This study shows that digested powder (MUS) exhibits prebiotic effects during an colonic fermentation. Phenolic compounds, including epicatechin (3.03 ± 1.54 mg/L), gallic acid (2.71 ± 1.54 mg/L), and quercetin 3-glucoside (2.40 ± 1.54 mg/L), were found in . MUS significantly increased the relative abundance of spp./ spp. (1.12% - 4.83%), spp. (0.59% - 1.85%), (0.37% - 1.88%), and reduced (2.89% - 1.22%) during 48 of colonic fermentation. MUS enhanced lactic acid and short-chain fatty acid production and decreased pH levels. The H NMR analysis revealed the presence of essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, and other compounds that benefit human health. The results indicate the prebiotic effects of on human intestinal microbiota.

The interaction among flavor compounds is a crucial determinant of Baijiu's flavor. Yet, the interaction between glycerol, a prominent polyol in Baijiu, and volatile flavor compounds remains elusive. The effect of glycerol concentration on the volatility of 13 Baijiu flavor compounds was analyzed by GC-IMS and GC-MS. The findings reveal that glycerol's impact on the volatility of these compounds increases with its concentration. Postglycerol addition, olfactory threshold and -curve analyses reveal a decrease in the perception threshold of dimethyl trisulfide, while the perception thresholds of 3-methylbutanal, 1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, and ethyl lactate increase. Additionally, the independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partitioning showed that hydrogen bonding is crucial in the interactions, aligning well with GC-IMS and odor threshold results to underscore glycerol's consistent impact on Baijiu flavor compounds. This research highlights glycerol's significant role in shaping Baijiu's complex flavor profile, enhancing our understanding of flavor interactions.

A series of indol-3-yl morpholino derivatives containing a hydrazone moiety were designed and synthesized using indole-3-carboxylic acid as the starting material. The antiviral activities of the synthesized compounds were systematically evaluated. Compound , optimized using the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model, exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in vivo with a 50% effective concentration (EC) value of 69.9 mg/L and exceeded that of Ningnanmycin (142.4 mg/L). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that compound could form stable interactions with the TMV coat protein (CP), exhibiting a lower binding energy of -9.37 kcal/mol compared to that of Ningnanmycin (-8.55 kcal/mol). Microscale thermophoresis (MST) experiments further confirmed the stronger binding affinity of compound for the TMV CP than Ningnanmycin. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that compound effectively disrupts the TMV particles and inhibits their spread. These collective findings strongly suggest that compound has the potential to serve as a lead compound for the development of novel antiviral agents.

Microplastics are widely persistent in agricultural ecosystems and may affect soil nitrous oxide (NO) emissions. Nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) is applied to decelerate nitrification and reduce soil NO emission. Nevertheless, the interactive effects of nitrification inhibitors and microplastics on soil NO emissions have not been investigated. Sole DMPP, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene (PS) substantially reduced agricultural soil NO emission rates by 25.93%, 69.04%, and 73.89%, respectively. Nevertheless, PVC and DMPP had antagonistic effects on the NO emission rates. The observed reductions in NO emissions could be attributed to variations in soil oxygen availability, electron transport system activities, and , nap, and GDH genes. Moreover, the DMPP, PVC, and PS alone or copresences significantly enhanced the soil ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF). The findings shed light on the role of microplastics in soil NO emission, EMF, and the microbial community, expanding the understanding of microplastics' effects on agrochemical effectiveness.

Food allergies affect approximately 2.5% of the global population, with a notable increase in prevalence observed each year. Terpenoids, a class of natural bioactive constituents, have been widely utilized in the management of immune- and inflammation-related disorders, and their potential in alleviating food allergies is increasingly being recognized. This article summarizes various terpenoids derived from plant, fungal, and marine sources. Among them, triterpenoids, such as oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and lupeol, possess the highest proportion and bioactivity in alleviating food allergy. Additionally, the mechanisms by which terpenoids may mitigate allergic diseases were categorically outlined, focusing on their roles in epithelial mucosal barrier function, immunomodulatory effects during the sensitization phase, inhibition of effector cells, oxidative stress, and regulation of microbial homeostasis. Finally, the advantages and limitations of natural extraction and artificial synthesis methods were compared, and the application of terpenoids in the food industry were also discussed. This article serves as a useful reference for the development of methods or functional foods based on terpenoids, which could represent a promising avenue for alleviating food allergy.

Four series of novel hydrazide/thiazol/oxazol/oxime ester hybrids of chromene derivatives were designed and synthesized to explore natural-product-based fungicide candidates. Preliminary antifungal activity assay results demonstrated that hydrazide-chromene and thiazol-chromene derivatives exhibited excellent and broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against ten phytopathogenic fungi. Among them, six compounds , , , , , and displayed the most remarkable antifungal effects. Notably, compounds and showed comparable protective and curative effects with chlorothalonil against potatoes and cherry tomatoes infected by and , respectively. Meanwhile, compound also exerted potential protective and curative effects against rice and pepper leaves infected by and , respectively. Additionally, a preliminary antifungal mechanism study revealed that compound could significantly inhibit the germination of spores and promote increased mycelium permeability and content leakage by disrupting the fungal membrane structure. The in vitro cytotoxicity results indicated that almost all of the hydrazide-chromene derivatives possessed relatively low cytotoxicity. These findings provide the foundation for the application of chromene-based derivatives as novel fungicide candidates.

Cucumber downy mildew (CDM), caused by , is a destructive disease that affects greenhouse cucumbers and causes significant losses for growers. Amisulbrom, a triazole sulfonamide fungicide targeting the Qi site in the complex, has shown potential in effectively combating CDM. However, its detailed binding mode with the target is unclear. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) structure of the complex from was built, and its interaction with amisulbrom was investigated by integrating molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) methods. Based on the binding mode of amisulbrom with the Pc- complex, a scaffold hopping strategy was performed, and compounds - and - were designed. Among them, compound showed excellent fungicidal properties against CDM in field trials. The present work indicated that the oxime ether moiety could be further optimized for better results. Furthermore, compound has the potential to serve as a lead compound in the search for new Qi-site inhibitors of the complex.