Successful deep brain stimulation (DBS) requires precise electrode placement. However, brain shift from loss of cerebrospinal fluid or pneumocephalus still affects aim accuracy. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) provides absolute spatial sensitivity, and intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography (iCBCT) has become increasingly used in DBS procedures. However, its accuracy is unclear. We examined iCBCT accuracy and the need for postoperative imaging to confirm electrode position and assess complications of DBS surgery.

To investigate the short- term results of dynamic/semi-rigid stabilization in patients with cervical spinal stenosis and compare them with patients for which decompression and pos-terior cervical fusion was performed.

To identify the autophagy mechanism T98 glioma cells.

To investigate the morphology of sella turcica (ST) in Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) using computed tomography.

To assess associated cerebral supratentorial anomalies in patients who underwent myelomeningocele repair in hopes of developing a better morphological apprehension of the forebrain?s anomalies in this category of patients.

To investigate the effect of obesity on the severity of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

To investigate latissimus dorsi morphometry, innervation, vascularization, and variational situations in fetuses.

To assess the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of Tim-3, an immune checkpoint molecule, and Rel-B, an NF-?B subunit, in grade 4 diffuse glioma samples and their relationship with each other.

To evaluate the in vitro effects of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme activity and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expressions.

To determine sac volume based on radiological examinations in patients undergoing surgery for myelomeningocele (MMC) and to investigate the relationship of sac volume with hydrocephalus and Chiari malformation type 2 (CM) with a view to determining the optimum length of follow-up and recommend a treatment plan.

To assess the changes of intracranial pressure waveforms (ICPW) acquired noninvasively in a set of acute hydrocephalus patients prior to and posterior to interventions.

To determine the prognostic value of routine hematological indices in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA).

To examine the potential of transbrachial access (TBA) in carotid artery stenting (CAS).

To evaluate the postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and clinical outcomes of patients who underwent monoportal endoscopic lumbar discectomy.

To evaluate the supraorbital and transorbital approaches as alternative entry sites and trajectories targeting the nucleus accumbens (NAc), subcallosal cingulate gyrus (SCG), and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), in cadavers and surgical planning station.

To assess the prognostic utility of the albumin-to-gamma-glutamyltransferase ratio (AGR) in patients with high-grade glioma [World Health Organization (WHO) grade III and IV] and to develop a predictive nomogram.

To investigate the effects of obesity on the treatment outcomes of lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs).

To determine if low-cost magnification devices (USB computer microscope, smartphone) enable the acquisition and maintenance of basic microsurgical skills by comparing skills learned using these devices against those learned using a surgical microscope. Determining whether skills acquired using these devices can be transferred to the surgical microscope.

Erdheim-Chester Disease is a rare systemic xanthogranulomatous infiltrating disease, characterized by lipid-laden histiocytes accumulating in various organs and almost always in bones. Etiology of the disease is still unknown. It may involve various organs and systems, such as musculoskeletal, cardiac, pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal and central nervous system (CNS) as well as the skin. The most common systemic manifestations are bone lesions and the specific sign of these are bilateral sclerosis of the diaphysis and metaphysis of long bones. Symptoms and signs can vary related to the organ or system that is involved. In CNS involvement, cerebellar and pyramidal symptoms and signs are the most common, while headache, seizure, cranial nerve paralysis, neuropsychiatric along with cognitive complaints and mood disorders are also reported. Furthermore, there are asymptomatic cases. Histologically lipid-laden foamy histiocytes with small round nucleuses and without nuclear grooves are the characteristic histological features. These histiocytes show positive CD68 and negative S100 and CD1a immunoreaction. Surgery is a reasonable treatment in the patients who have extra- or intracranial lesions with smooth borders when the neurological signs and symptoms are mild. Medical treatment of the disease includes steroid, cytotoxic agents such as cladribin, IFN α-2a, recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, tirosine kinase inhibitors, biphosphonate and autologue hematopoetic stem cell transplantation. In this report a 29 years old man was presented with a frontal calvarial lesion who was operated and diagnosed as Erdheim Chester disease.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the guideless catheter placement technique in revision surgeries for external ventricular drainage (EVD) and ventricular shunt systems to improve treatment outcomes for hydrocephalus.