Previous studies have shown that subcutaneous adipose tissue is an important energy supply organ for chicks before and after birth, except yolk. So far, the significance of large deposits of subcutaneous adipose tissue in chicks is unclear. Therefore, this study takes the information interaction between adipocytes and macrophages as the starting point to explore whether adipocytes and macrophages could participate in adipose tissue fibrosis, angiogenesis, adaptive thermogenesis and other related functions in a specific metabolic environment. Under cold stress, the expression levels of genes related to lipidolysis, lipid transport and fatty acid oxidation in adipose tissue of chicks were significantly increased, but the expression levels of genes related to mitochondrial uncoupling were not significantly changed. Through Masson staining of adipose tissue of chicks under cold stress, it was found that the level of vascularization in adipose tissue of chicks was significantly increased. We found that the interaction between adipocyte and macrophage could participate in the angiogenesis related process of adipocytes in chicks through the HIF1A-VEGFA pathway. The analysis of lipid metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue of chicks from the perspective of cell heterogeneity will expand the understanding of lipid metabolism in chicks and provide a theoretical basis for chick rearing.

Mammalian embryos often suffer from oxidative stress in vitro, as the oxygen in the atmosphere is higher than that in the oviductal environment. Vitamin C (Vc) has been proven to enhance early embryonic development , but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the pathways of action by which Vc promotes the development of porcine embryos. Comparative analysis of and gene expression profiles of morula found that most of the differentially expressed genes were enriched in pathways related to mitochondrial function. The addition of 12.5 μg/mL Vc to the culture medium significantly increased blastocyst production in a dose- and duration-dependent manner. Moreover, ROS levels were significantly higher in embryos cultured in the air (21% oxygen) than cultured in a hypoxic condition (5% oxygen) and were reduced by Vc supplementation. Vc also significantly increased the mitochondrial membrane potential levels and the expression levels of mitochondrial function-related genes ( and ) and TCA cycle-related genes ( and ) in embryos cultured . These results suggest that the addition of Vc to the culture medium can increase the developmental potential and improve the mitochondrial function of early porcine embryos.

Weaning weight is a key indicator of the early growth performance of cattle. An understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying weaning weight will help increase the accuracy of selection of breeding animals. In order to identify candidate genes associated with weaning weight in Simmental-Holstein crossbred cattle, this study generated RNA-Sequencing (RNA-seq) data from 86 crossbred calves (37 males and 49 famales) and measured their weaning weight and body size traits (wither height, body length, chest girth, rump width, and rump length). Differential gene expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were performed. A total of 498 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the low weaning weight (LWW) group and the high weaning weight (HWW) group. Weaning weight was transcriptionally correlated (FDR < 0.05) with four of the eleven co-expression gene modules. By intersecting DEGs and hub genes of the four modules, we identified a final set of 37 candidate genes enriched in growth, development, or immune-related processes. In addition, one co-expression module was significantly correlated with all the five body size traits (P < 0.05), from which was identified as a key candidate gene through protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of hub genes. Further evidence from cattle transcriptome-wide association study analysis (TWAS) and human phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) validated significant associations of , , , , , and with growth and development traits (P < 0.05). Notably, and were also associated with typical immune traits such as B cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation. In conclusion, this study reveals new candidate genes significantly associated with weaning weight in Simmental-Holstein crossbred cattle, providing a basis for further exploration of the genetic mechanisms behind growth traits of cattle.

The present study utilized full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the impact of dietary protein content on the composition and function of gut microbiota, and to analyze the gut microbiota of pigs in the growing (30 kg) and finishing (120 kg) stages under different feeding conditions. The results indicated that the gut microbiota was significantly different between pigs fed high- and low-protein diets. Comparing fecal samples from pigs at 30 and 120 kg, pigs at 30 kg showed a significant increase in the relative abundance of , whereas at 120 kg, the abundance of and decreased. To access the functional profiles and metabolic pathways based on amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), the microbiome of the 120 kg exhibited significant enrichments in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to metabolism-related category, including Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, Tyrosine and Thiamin metabolism, and Inositol phosphate metabolism. Meanwhile, analysis using the MetaCyc database showed that the metabolic pathways of the 30 kg group were significantly distinct when compared to the 120 kg of fecal samples. Overall, the findings indicated that the gut microbiota composition and function in the 30 and 120 kg fecal samples were markedly shaped by different dietary protein levels.

The leptin receptor overlapping transcript (LepROT) has been suggested to play several roles in immunomodulatory mechanisms; however, the understanding of its role in immunity is still very limited. Here, we performed hematoxylin-eosin staining, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence and western blotting to investigate the roles of LepROT in the immunomodulatory mechanism and the influence of its expression on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, such as the activation of IκB kinase and NF-кB, in amphibian resistance to infection with (). After infection, the liver, lung, kidney, skin, muscle, and stomach of showed cell structure disturbance, bleeding, and texture abnormalities. In addition, the relative expression levels of LepROT, NF-кB, IKKα, and IKKβ were all upregulated after infection; however, they showed time-dependent differential expression. The NF-кB signaling pathway exhibited robust expression levels, which might be explained by the positive feedback regulation function of LepROT. Overall, this study provides a basis for further assessment of the biological functions of LepROT and highlights its role in the regulation of immune mechanisms.

This study investigates whether TS1 improves growth performance and alleviates inflammatory damage in broilers and explored its feasibility as an antibiotic alternative. We divided 240 one-day-old AA308 white-finned broilers into five groups (con, LPS, TS1L + LPS, TS1M + LPS and TS1H + LPS). The TS1L + LPS, TS1M + LPS and TS1H + LPS groups were fed TS1 for 15 days by gavage. The LPS, TS1L + LPS, TS1M + LPS and TS1H + LPS groups were injected intraperitoneally with 1 mg/kg LPS for three days. We investigated the probiotic and anti-inflammatory activities by measuring body weight, sequencing the intestinal flora and examining the structure of tissues by using pathological stain, real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical detection. TS1 could improve growth performance and intestinal flora composition, also reduced different organ damage and inflammatory cytokine expression in serum and organs. The mechanism may involve upregulating HSP60 and HSP70 expression, targeting and regulating Nrf2 and P38 MAPK and modulating NF-κB and HO-1 expression at the transcriptional level in different organs. TS1 alleviated Inflammatory injury caused by LPS and attenuated the inflammatory response in broilers, and these effects were achieved through MAPK and Nrf2 regulation of HSPs/HO-1 in different organs. The above results suggested broilers fed with TS1 could release the LPS caused organ damage, and the most suggested dosage was 1.4 × 10 CFU/mL.

Oocytes spontaneously resume meiosis following their liberation from follicles, preventing full competence acquisition. Biphasic IVM (CAPA-IVM) maintains oocytes in meiotic arrest to improve developmental competence, and it specially affects poorly developed oocytes. We assessed the effect of CAPA-IVM on oocytes from small (<3mm) and large (>3mm) follicles of prepubertal goats. Oocytes were cultured for 6h in pre-IVM with C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and estradiol as meiotic inhibitors, and germinal vesicle (GV) rate and chromatin configuration were assessed. Then, oocytes were cultured in conventional IVM (c-IVM) or CAPA-IVM (pre-IVM + c-IVM) and EGF receptor (EGFR) protein expression, intra-oocyte ROS and blastocyst development were assessed. GV rate was higher in CNP groups than control (69% vs 28%, and 67% vs 31%, small and large follicles, respectively), but GV chromatin configuration was similar. In large follicles, EGFR expression was higher in oocytes and cumulus cells after CAPA-IVM, and ROS levels were lower. In small follicles these differences were not observed. c-IVM and CAPA-IVM produced similar blastocyst rates in small (3.7% vs 2.6%, respectively) and large follicles (8.3% vs 2.5%). Overall, CAPA-IVM enhanced EGFR expression for EGF peptide signalling and antioxidant capacity in oocytes from large follicles but oocytes from small follicles were too immature to benefit from it.

Since most yaks have a long postpartum anestrus period, postpartum anestrus is the main factor affecting the reproductive efficiency of yaks. In this study, the third-generation sequencing technology was used to successfully screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in the ovarian tissues of yaks during estrus and anestrus. The functional references of DEGs and DETs were Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and Clusters of Orthologous Genes database. A total of 1149 DEGs and 2294 DETs were successfully identified. These DEGs and DETs were mainly related to biological processes such as "reproduction", "reproductive process", "metabolic process" and "rhythmic process". Kisspeptin-G protein-coupled receptor was found to be involved in regulating the reproductive cycle of yaks. DEGs and DETs were also related to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) signaling pathways such as oocyte meiosis, estrogen signaling pathway, and progesterone-mediated induced oocyte maturation. The results showed that , , , , , , , , , , and regulate the postpartum quiescent state and the reproductive cycle of yaks. This study will help to further clarify the reproductive mechanism of yaks at the molecular level and provide certain assistance for the development of animal husbandry.

Proteomic analysis of sperm cells offers significant insights into proteins' structural, functional, and localization aspects within biological systems. Sahiwal, a native Indian cattle breed, is well known for its disease resistance, calving ease, and resilience to drought. This study addressed the gap in Sahiwal's comprehensive sperm proteome profiling data. The research involved the global in-silico quantitative high-resolution mass spectrometry-based protein profiling of Indian Zebu sperm, identifying 4651 sperm proteins. Beyond mere identification, the study characterized these proteins at a sub-organellar level to facilitate a better understanding of their functional attributes. Gene Ontology analysis of sperm proteins facilitated the segregation of proteins based on their function, localization, and mode of action. The study revealed that despite the limited number of organelles, sperm cells encapsulate a wide array of crucial proteins, compensating for the deficiency of organelles through the presence of multifunctional proteins. Most identified sperm proteins actively participate in spermatogenesis, motility, acrosome reaction, capacitation, and seminal plasma binding, directly or indirectly. Notably, the results not only present the highest number of identified bovine sperm proteins but also hold the potential to pave the way for empirical research on sperm functionality, egg-sperm interaction, sperm-sex sorting biomarkers, sperm quality, and bull fertility.

The history of turkey () domestication can be traced back to the period between 700 and 200 BC in Mexico. This process involved multiple contributors and resulted in the development of modern local turkey breeds. This research investigates the complete mitochondrial diversity across a diverse range of local turkeys. Seventy-three turkeys were sampled from various populations, including autochthonous Italian breeds, an American breed (Narragansett), as well as wild turkeys from the USA and Mexico. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was employed as a powerful tool for biodiversity and breed phylogeny investigation. An analysis of the entire mtDNA was conducted to identify breed-specific unique traits, mitochondrial-specific characteristics, and the phylogenetic relationship among turkey populations. A total of 44 polymorphic sites were identified. Brianzolo and Narragansett birds were characterized as genetically homogeneous populations. Thirty-two different haplotypes were identified when our samples were compared with mtDNA D-loop of 96 online available turkeys from various geographical countries. H1 and H2, differing for one mutation, were the most abundant, comprising 132 of the 185 sequences. H1 included samples coming from every region, while H2 was predominantly characterized by Italian samples. USA and Mexican samples appear to be more variable in their mtDNA than the other populations.

Ginger rich in polyphenols, possesses various biomedical properties. Researchers investigated the effects of dietary ginger supplementation on turkey performance traits, biochemical parameters, haematological parameters and mRNA gene expression. Ginger root powder was administered at different doses (0, 10, 20 and 40 g/kg) to the turkeys. Notably, the 20 g/kg group exhibited improved performance traits and a higher broiler production efficiency factor (BPEF). Importantly, ginger was found to be safe for turkeys based on serum indices. Furthermore, the expression of several growth-related genes, including growth hormone receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), cyclooxygenase 3 (COX-3) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP-3), was upregulated in the 20 g/kg enhancing their growth performance and economic efficiency in addition to keeping their health status safe. Therefore, Ginger root powder can be supplemented for turkey at a concentration of 2% as the addition of ginger powder is a long-term process.

It is known that asymmetrical maternal transcripts play an important role in the cell fate of the early embryo, but few studies are available in mammal oocytes especially in pig. To investigate the spatial factors in pig oocytes, the oriented bisection was established for collecting karyoplasts (NSOs) and cytoplasts (SSOs) with more than 95% efficiency. Subsequently, RNA-Seq and LC-MS/MS analysis were performed on NSOs and SSOs. Although no differentially expressed genes (DEGs) could be detected between NSOs and SSOs, 89 of the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected, that 58 proteins higher expressed but 31 proteins lower expressed in NSOs compared with SSOs. These DEPs mainly participated in the 'cell cycle' and 'ribosome' pathway, while the up-regulated DEPs were mainly GO in 'spindle' and 'positive regulation of translation', and the down-regulated DEPs were in 'cytosolic small ribosomal subunit' and 'mRNA binding'. The up-regulated DEP SIRT5 which are related to the regulation of gene expression, epigenetic were further detected and revealed. A spatial asymmetry of maternal factors at the protein level was firstly detected in pig mature oocytes.

Blood composition is indicative of health-related traits such as immunity and metabolism. The use of molecular genetics to investigate alterations in these attributes in laying ducks is a novel approach. Our objective was to employ genome - wide association studies (GWAS) and haplotype - sharing analysis to identify genomic regions and potential genes associated with 11 blood components in Shaoxing ducks. Our findings revealed 35 SNPs and 1 SNP associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and globulin (GLB), respectively. We identified 36 putative candidate genes for the LDL trait in close proximity to major QTLs and key loci. Based on their biochemical and physiological properties, , , , , and are the strongest putative candidate genes. Through linkage disequilibrium analysis and haplotype sharing analysis, we identified three haplotypes and one haplotype, respectively, that were significantly linked with LDL and GLB. These haplotypes could be selected as potential candidate haplotypes for molecular breeding of Shaoxing ducks. Additionally, we utilized a bootstrap test to verify the reliability of GWAS with small experimental samples. The test can be accessed at https://github.com/xuwenwu24/Bootstrap-test.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of stimbiotic (STB) in broilers with necrotic enteritis (NE). A total of 180 one-day-old Arbor Acres (initial body weight of 34.81 ± 1.04 g) were used in this experiment for 32 days. All broilers were randomly allocated into six treatments, and each experimental group had 10 replicate cages with three broilers per cage. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 3 factorial design consisting of two levels of challenge (challenge and non-challenge) and three levels of STB (0, 0.05, and 0.1%). The NE challenge significantly decreased ( < 0.05) growth performance, heterophil levels in blood, and intestinal lesion scores compared to the non-challenge group. Supplementation of 0.05% STB significantly decreased ( < 0.05) feed conversion ratio and the number of oocysts per gram of feces compared to the supplementation of 0 and 0.1% STB. At the genus level, the supplementation of 0.05% STB significantly decreased ( < 0.05) the abundance of compared to the other groups on d 32. In conclusion, supplementation with 0.05% STB in a diet could positively regulate the fecal microflora and alleviate the decline in growth performance and nutrient digestibility caused by NE.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were identified to be involved in various biological functions by regulating the degradation or suppressing the translation of their downstream target genes. Recent studies have identified miR-29a play a key role in functions of mammal cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and signal transduction. However, the underlying functions for miR-29a in jejunal epithelial cells biological function still to be investigated. In order to explore the yak jejunal epithelial cells proliferation and barrier dysfunction with over expression of miR-29a gene, three 0-day-old Pamir male yaks were randomly selected and slaughtered in present study, and the jejunal epithelial cells were isolated and cultured to determine yak jejunal epithelial cells proliferation and protein composition on differential expression of miR-29a gene in Pamir plateau. Here, we demonstrated that the overexpression of miR-29a gene could inhibit the proliferation of Pamir yaks jejunum epithelial cells, and contribute to the apoptosis of Pamir yaks jejunal epithelial cells with some extent. A total of 133 differentially expressed proteins were identified in different expression of miR-29a groups by label-free Mass Spectrometry (MS), which could be concluded to two predominant themes: cell proliferation and inflammatory response. Interestingly, GPR41, as a bridge protein, was contacted two predominant themes to involved in Pamir Yaks jejunal mechanical barrier PPI network, and the target proteins displayed strong mutual interactions in the complex PPI network. Overall, our study suggested that the over-expression miR-29a inhibited the jejunal epithelial cells proliferation and the expressions of specific proteins, which damaged jejunal barrier function to slow down the intestine structure and function advanced mature development during young livestock period for influence the enhanced performance of production efficiency.

The synthesis of fatty acids plays a critical role in shaping milk production characteristics in dairy cattle. Thus, identifying effective haplotypes within the fatty acid metabolism pathway will provide novel and robust insights into the genetics of dairy cattle. This study aimed to comprehensively examine the individual and combined impacts of fundamental genes within the fatty acid metabolic process pathway in Jersey cows. A comprehensive phenotypic dataset was compiled, considering milk production traits, to summarize a cow's productivity across three lactations. Genotyping was conducted through PCR-RFLP and Sanger sequencing, while the association between genotype and phenotype was quantified using linear mixed models. Moderate biodiversity and abundant variation suitable for haplotype analysis were observed across all examined markers. The individual effects of the , and genes significantly influenced both milk yield and milk fat production. Additionally, this study reveals novel two-way interactions between genes in the fatty acid metabolism pathway that directly affect milk fat properties. Notably, we identified that the GGAAGG haplotype in ×× interaction may be a robust genetic marker concerning both milk fat yield and percentage. Consequently, the genotype combinations highlighted in this study serve as novel and efficient markers for assessing the fat content in cow's milk.

Studies comparing mating ratio after forced molting are important for improving the efficiency of broiler breeder flocks. This study examined the effect of mating ratios on Egg production, chick weight, fertility, hatchability and embryonic mortality rate in Arbor Acres Plus broiler breeders post-moult phase. A total of 195 birds (62 weeks old), consisting of 15 cocks and 180 hens were randomly allocated with uniform body weight in a Completely Randomized Design into three groups based on the mating ratio (cock to hen). The groups included ratios of 1:10, 1:12, and 1:14, with each group replicated 5 times. Eggs were collected twice a day, and stored for 7 days at room temperature before placing them in the incubator. Results showed that mating ratios 1:10 and 1:12 had a positive effect on fertility rate and total hatchability compared to the 1:14 ratio. However, mating ratios did not affect laying rate, egg weight, egg mass, chick weight, hatchability of fertile eggs, and embryonic mortality rate. In conclusion, to reduce the cost of raising and caring cocks, a mating ratio of one cock to every twelve hens can be used for broiler breeders after forced molting to obtain the best fertility and hatching results.

Functioning as a key regulator of circadian rhythms, the gene exerts a substantial impact on the reproductive traits of animals. However, the effect of the gene on ovarian development remains unclear. In order to examine the relationship between bovine reproductive trait and the gene, a total of 901 ovarian samples were collected, categorized into different oestrus cycles (proestrus, oestrus, post-oestrus, anoestrous), and subjected to analysis for two potential insertion/deletions (InDels) in the gene. Through agarose gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing, two polymorphic deletion mutations (P2-D, P3-D) were identified. Furthermore, a significant association between mature follicle diameter and P2-D was found ( < 0.05). Additionally, several significant correlations with ovarian length, width, height, and white body diameter were found for P3-D ( < 0.05). These findings suggested that the bovine gene plays an important role in above-mentioned reproductive traits, offering new avenues for improving cow fertility through marker-assisted selection (MAS).

Haemoparasitic diseases constitute a significant constraint to economic livestock farming. Diagnostic techniques that are inexpensive, rapid, reliable, and precise are crucial for the management of diseases. In this context, PCR assays are very valuable yet expensive since the samples must be processed before being included in the PCR reaction. Accordingly, the goal of the current study was to lower the PCR costs without jeopardizing the assay's sensitivity and specificity. For that purpose, the alkaline solution was optimized for low cost and quick DNA extraction (blood lysate), and PCR reagents were modified for optimum reaction. In comparison to purified whole blood genomic DNA, the currently developed and optimized blood lysate method was found to be 95.5% less expensive, as well as being equally sensitive and specific for the molecular detection (PCR) of haemoparasites like , and rickettsiales in cattle, buffaloes, horses, and dogs. The assay was also demonstrated to be quick, less likely to cross-contaminate, and appropriate for use in laboratories with limited resources. Therefore, the currently developed and optimized blood lysate method could serve as a viable alternative to purified whole blood genomic DNA for molecular detection (PCR) of haemoparasites in animals particularly in resource-limited settings.

Intestinal microbial community plays an important part in maintaining health and skeletal muscle development in livestock. This study is the first of its kind in the world. In order to better understand the relationship between gut microbiota and gene expression in skeletal muscle of rabbits, caecum contents and longissimus dorsi tissues of rabbits at 0 d (S1), 35 d (S2) and 70d (S3) were collected and subjected for 16S rRNA sequencing and transcriptome sequencing. Our results showed that, among three groups of rabbits, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla at the phylum level, while Akmansia, Bacteroides and Ruminobacter were the dominant genera at the genus level, and the relative abundance of Akmansia and Bacteroides increased firstly and then decreased from 0 d to 70 d. By analyzing the transcriptome sequencing data, we identified 2866, 2446 and 4541 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in S1 vs S2, S2 vs S3 and S1 vs S3 groups, respectively. Finally, we performed correlation analysis between gut microbiota and the expression levels of muscle development-related genes of rabbits at 0 d and 70 d. Compared with 0 day old rabbits, in 70 day old rabbits Acinetobacter and Cronbacter with decreased abundance, and and with increase abundance is beneficial to caecum health in rabbits. These results will lay a foundation for further re-searches about the relationship between caecum microflora and muscle development in rabbits.

In this study, we conducted a thorough investigation into the mechanisms by which miR-29 influences lipid metabolism. Thirty-two cows were selected and categorized into distinct groups based on their liver triglyceride (TG) content: healthy, mild fatty liver, and moderate fatty liver groups. Dairy cows with moderate fatty liver showed higher levels of hepatic lipid accumulation, MDA content and serum AST, ALT and ALP contents and lower hepatic catalase CAT and SOD activities. Subsequently, hepatocytes isolated from healthy calves were exposed to sodium oleate (SO) in the presence or absence of pre-incubation with miR-29 inhibitor or inhibitor NC. Pre-transfection with miR-29 inhibitor resulted in reduced hepatocyte lipid accumulation and MDA levels, as well as decreased levels of AST, ALT, and ALP in the supernatant. In the miR-29 inhibitor + SO group, there was an increase in the expression of , , , and . Meanwhile, the expression of , , , , , , and miR-29 were observed to be decreased. In comparison to the miR-29 inhibitor + SO group, some of the measured indicators showed partial reversal in the miR-29 inhibitor + siSirt1 + SO group. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that miR-29 may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of fatty liver in dairy cows.