[This corrects the article doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0190-2024].

Healthcare systems are currently ill-equipped to diagnose arboviruses rapidly and efficiently or to differentiate between various viruses.

Few studies in routine settings have confirmed the high accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for detecting rifampicin resistance (RR) and the first-line probe assay (FL-LPA) for detecting both RR and isoniazid resistance (INHR).

In this review, we discuss dengue surveillance, prevention, and control measures in Brazil. Data on dengue epidemics between 2000 and 2024 indicates an increase in the number of dengue cases and deaths. Global climate change is a key driver of this growth. Over the past 25 years, nearly 18 million Brazilians have been infected with the dengue virus, and the highest number of dengue cases in Brazil's history is projected to reach 2024. Dengue mortality in Brazil increased geographically over time. As of June, there were approximately 6 million probable cases and 4,000 confirmed deaths in Brazil, which represents the greatest dengue epidemic to date. Several technologies have been developed to control Aedes aegypti, including the deployment of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, indoor residual spraying, sterile insect techniques, and mosquito-disseminated insecticides. The Ministry of Health recommends integrating these technologies into health services. Brazil is the first country to incorporate the Takeda vaccine into its public health system, and the Butantan vaccine is currently undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials. Increasing the vaccination coverage and implementing novel Ae. aegypti control technologies could reduce the number of dengue cases in Brazil in the coming years. Community activities such as home cleaning and elimination of potential mosquito breeding sites, facilitated by social media and health education initiatives, must continue to achieve this reduction. Ultimately, a multisectoral approach encompassing sanitary improvements, mosquito control, vaccination, and community mobilization is crucial in the fight against dengue epidemics.

This study aimed to identify COVID-19 cases among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Brazil in 2020, describe their clinical, sociodemographic, and epidemiological profiles, and evaluate the factors associated with disease severity.

Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. It is a neglected tropical disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. The objective of this study was to analyze the trachoma-associated morbidity and mortality in Brazil from 2000 to 2022. This ecological time-series study was based on secondary data on trachoma obtained from hospital admissions (trachoma as the primary or secondary cause) and death certificates (trachoma as the underlying or associated cause).

Global dengue cases are rising, notably in Brazil.

Rabies is a zoonosis usually transmitted to mammals via contact between the saliva of infected animals and either the skin or mucosa of the attacked individual, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the only way to avoid the disease. This study aimed to perform a descriptive analysis of PEP after attacks by dogs and cats in the state of São Paulo.

A 34-year-old man developed severe envenomation after being bitten by a Crotalus durissus (rattlesnake), which was treated with anticrotalic serum. Three weeks later, the patient reported paresthesia and neuropathic pain in the left hand, which had progressed to all four limbs. Electroneuromyography revealed asymmetric axonal sensorimotor multiple mononeuropathy. The patient was treated with prednisone, and six months later there was significant improvement in sensorimotor conduction. This is the first reported case of multiple mononeuropathy associated with C. durissus envenomation. Post-snake envenomation peripheral neuropathy is a rare complication requiring prompt recognition and treatment to optimize nerve function and enhance patient outcomes.

In 2022, Mato Grosso (MT, Brazil) reported the highest detection rate of new leprosy cases (66.20 per 100,000 inhabitants) among all Brazilian states. Monitoring of leprosy indicators is an important control strategy in hyperendemic areas. We aimed to describe the temporal trends and identify clusters of municipalities according to leprosy surveillance indicators in MT between 2008 and 2022.

Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare life-threatening disorder characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, and organ damage. We present the case of a 71-year-old man initially diagnosed with malaria-like symptoms and displaying markers of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, renal injury, and neurological impairment. Despite antimalarial treatment, acquired TTP was suspected. Plasma exchange and immunosuppressive therapy led to clinical improvement, normalizing the platelet count and hemolytic profile. Diagnostic confirmation revealed significantly reduced ADAMTS13 levels. Following the proposed treatment, the patient's ADAMTS13 levels normalized. This case illustrates acquired TTP linked to uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria.

Chagas disease is a silent illness with high mortality burden in many Latin American countries, such as Brazil. Bahia has the fourth highest mortality rate in Brazil. This study analyzed the temporal trends and regional differences in the mortality rate of Chagas disease in Bahia State from 2008 to 2018.

Vectorial transmission through hematophagous triatomine insects remains the primary mode of Chagas Disease contagion. These insects have become increasingly common in urban environments. Therefore, this study aimed to report an encounter of triatomines with trypanosomatid infection in a vertical residential condominium in Rio Branco, the capital of the state of Acre, in the western Brazilian Amazon.

Although canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) transmission primarily occurs through the bite of phlebotomine sand flies infected with Leishmania infantum, alternative routes may exist.

Triatomines are biological vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas Disease (CD) and have various mammalian hosts. This study evaluated the entomological indicators and food sources of triatomines in Petrolina in the semi-arid region of Brazil, where CD is endemic.

Malaria is an acute febrile parasitic disease that significantly impacts global public health. In Brazil, the most studied endemic area for the disease is the Amazon region. This study aims to analyze temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal patterns of malaria in the extra-Amazon region of Brazil over a 22-year period.