Ramie is a widely used plant fiber for making textiles and reinforcement in biodegradable composites. Pretreating cellulosic fibers with alkali before producing composites is increasingly used to enhance adhesion with polymeric resin. In this work, response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken technique was utilized to investigate the impact of independent variables on ramie fabric characteristics and determine the optimal treatment condition. The impact of alkali concentration, treatment time, and temperature on the breaking load and elongation at break of woven ramie fabrics were evaluated using Design-Expert software, which established the design matrix and analyzed the experimental data employing numerical and graphical optimization methods. Moreover, the impact of alkali treatment conditions on the surface morphology, structural change of ramie fabrics, and thermal properties was investigated. Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) results, the suggested quadratic models can adequately predict the breaking load and elongation at break of the ramie woven fabrics within the range of conditions applied in this investigation. The RSM revealed that an alkali concentration of 6.12%, a treatment time of 30 min, and a temperature of 39.13°C resulted in an optimum treatment condition with a breaking load of 518.28 N and elongation at break of 23.36%.

Silicon (Si) is a highly abundant mineral in Earth's crust. It plays a vital role in plant growth, providing mechanical support, enhancing grain yield, facilitating mineral nutrition, and aiding stress response mechanisms. The intricate relationship between silicification and lignin chemistry significantly impacts cell wall structure. Yet, the precise influence of Si on lignin synthesis remains elusive. This study investigated the interaction between Si and lignin model compounds during in vitro synthesis. Employing spectroscopic and microscopic analyses, we delineated how Si concentrations modulate lignin polymerization dynamics, particularly affecting molecular conformation and aggregation behavior over time. Fluctuations in the polymer structure are directly related to both the synthesis time and the concentration of silica. Our results demonstrate that lower Si concentrations promote the aggregation of lignin oligomers into larger particles, while higher concentrations increase the possibility of oligomer repulsion, thus preventing particle growth. These findings elucidate the intricate interplay between Si and lignin, which is crucial for understanding plant cell wall structure and stress resilience. Moreover, the results provide insights for developing lignin-silica materials with increasing applications in industry and medicine.

In this study, scaffolds based on natural polymer gelatin A, blended with polyvinylpyrrolidone were crosslinked by genipin (0.5 and 1 wt%), in order to investigate their mechanical performance and potential for biomedical application. Semi-solid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing technique was used, enabling in situ crosslinking of the blend during processing. Swelling test showed that the swelling ratio reduces with higher concentration of genipin due to an increased crosslinking. The FTIR analysis confirmed the crosslinking of scaffolds by genipin. DSC analysis and mechanical testing have shown improved thermal and mechanical properties. Morphological analysis of scaffolds by FESEM showed increased toughening of the material with the crosslinking. Tensile strength and microhardness showed a significant rise in scaffolds with the increase in genipin content, which was up to 93.8% and 125.3%, respectively. These findings were in accordance with morphological features present in samples. The biological effect of the scaffold matrix system was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative cytotoxicity assessment in vitro, demonstrating the absence of cytotoxicity in tested preparations in a direct test. The cytotoxicity index based on the metabolic activity of cells in an indirect test showed up to 20% reduction of viability compared with the control, confirming the absence of cytotoxicity, which was additionally verified by propidium iodine staining of the cells exposed to scaffolds. The presented gelatin-based crosslinked scaffolds obtained by 3D printing represent good candidates for biomedical application and future research that includes further in vitro and in vivo analysis.

This work reports the assembly of mesoporous iron oxide nanoparticles (meso-MNPs) with cryogel scaffolds composed of chitosan and gelatin. Meso-MNPs with a particle size ranging from 2 and 50 nm, a surface area of 140.52 m g, and a pore volume of 0.27 cm g were synthesized on a porous SiO template in the presence of PEG 6000 followed by leaching of SiO. Different ratios of meso-MNPs were successfully incorporated into chitosan:gelatin cryogels up to an amount equivalent to the entire amount of polymer. The morphological structure and physicochemical properties of the cryogels were directly affected by the amount of MNPs. VSM curves showed that all composite cryogels could be magnetized by applying a magnetic field. In the context of the safety of magnetic cryogel scaffolds for use in biomedicine, it is important to note that all values are below the exposure limit for static magnetic fields, and according to cytotoxicity data, scaffolds containing meso-MNPs showed nontoxicity with cell viability ranging from 150% to 275%. In addition, microbial analysis with gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria showed that the scaffolds exhibited activity against these bacteria.

This study synthesized poly(3-hydroxypropionate) [P(3HP)]-containing polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) block copolymers, P(3HP)-b-P[2-hydroxybutyrate (2HB)] and P(3HP)-b-P(D-lactate) (PDLA), using Escherichia coli. The cells expressing an evolved sequence-regulating PHA synthase, PhaCNDFH, and propionyl-CoA transferase were cultured with the supplementation of the corresponding monomer precursors in the medium. The block structure of P(3HP)-b-PDLA was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and solvent fractionation. The molecular weights of the polymers were in the range of 0.8-2.8 × 10. The solvent-cast polymer films were subjected to isothermal treatment to promote phase separation and crystallization and were subsequently melt-quenched to produce an amorphous phase. The melt-quenched P(3HP)-b-P(2HB) film exhibited a high elongation at break (1153%), resulting in a toughness of 181 MJ/m. The solvent-cast film of P(3HP)-b-65 mol% PDLA exhibited partial elastic deformation, in which the P(3HP) phase functioned as a soft segment. The melt-quenching of the polymer resulted in embrittlement presumably due to the high lactate fraction. Overall, the P(3HP)-based block copolymers exhibited several mechanical properties depending on the higher-order structure of the polymer and the properties of the P(2-hydroxyalkanoate) segments. This study findings show that P(3HP)-b-P(2HB) and P(3HP)-b-PDLA can function excellently if their microstructures are properly controlled.

The cryoprotectant potential of 3-(1-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)imidazol-3-io)butane-1-carboxylate (OEimCC) for proteins necessitates assessment to elucidate its relationship with protein hydration. To reveal this relationship, we assessed the protein stability (pre-freezing and post-thawing) and melting behavior in dilute aqueous protein-OEimCC solutions containing varying mole fractions (x) of OEimCC (x = 0, 7.7 × 10, and 1.7 × 10) using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and near-UV circular dichroism (near-UV CD) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Following freezing/thawing using a deep freezer, protein stability in aqueous OEimCC solutions (x = 1.7 × 10) preserved the folded state owing to the protein-OEimCC interaction, whereas stability at x = 7.7 × 10 was reduced. These results indicate that the protein cryoprotectant potential in aqueous OEimCC solutions at x = 1.7 × 10 is higher than that at x = 7.7 × 10, owing to the preferential binding of OEimCC with proteins.

In recent years, there has been extensive research into drug delivery systems aimed at enhancing drug utilization while minimizing drug toxicities. Among these systems, oral patches/films have garnered significant attention due to their convenience, noninvasive administration, ability to bypass hepatic first-pass metabolism, thereby enhancing drug bioavailability, and their potential to ensure good compliance, particularly among special patient populations. In this review, from the perspective of the anatomical characteristics of the oral cavity and the advantages and difficulties of oral drug delivery, we illustrate the design ideas, manufacturing techniques, research methodologies, and the essential attributes of an ideal oral patch/film. Furthermore, the applications of oral patches/films in both localized and systemic drug delivery were discussed. Finally, we offer insights into the future prospects of the oral patch/film, aiming to provide valuable reference for the advancement of oral localized drug delivery systems.

Natural polymers have recently been investigated for various applications, such as 3D printing and healthcare, including treating infections. Among microbial infections, fungal diseases remain overlooked, with limited therapeutic options and high recurrence. Cutaneous cryptococcosis is an opportunistic fungal infection triggered by mechanical inoculation or hematogenous dissemination of the yeast that causes cryptococcal pneumonia and meningitis. Every year, Cryptococcus neoformans endanger the lives of immunosuppressed hosts, resulting in 180,000 deaths per year. Nonetheless, healthy individuals can also be affected by this fungal infection. Cryptococcosis has a restricted and expensive therapeutic regimen with no topical approach to skin manifestations. This study sought to create a 3D printable biodegradable polymeric hydrogel carrying ketoconazole, a low-cost antifungal drug with reported anticryptococcal activity. The developed hydrogel exhibited good 3D printability and rheological properties, including a pseudoplastic behavior. The FTIR spectra of cross-linked hydrogels revealed interactions between alginate and Ca, referred to as the egg-box model, indicated by the decrease in peaks at 1600 and 1410 cm. Furthermore, the hydrogel loaded with ketoconazole showed remarkable antifungal activity against C. neoformans strains indicated by inhibition zones, which cross-linking did not seem to affect its antifungal performance. The developed material remained structurally stable for up to 12 days (288 h) in swelling studies, and preliminary cytotoxicity performed with V79 cells indicates potential for in vivo studies and topical application.

The development of multifunctional cotton fabrics that are stain-resistant, antimicrobial, and easy to clean has sparked scientific interest as well as practical usefulness, owing to its medical and healthcare applications. The purpose of this study was to fabricate self-cleaning and antimicrobial cotton for final use by soaking the cotton fabric in nonfluorinated hybrid formulations based on quaternary chitosan-silane using the sol-gel process. The fluorine-free cotton fabric demonstrated high self-cleaning behavior and outstanding bacterial killing efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, without altering the desired textile properties of cotton fabric. Remarkably, cotton textiles using the hybrid formulations HTACC-VTES (N-(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride-vinyltriethoxy silane) and TMCC-VTES (N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan chloride-vinyltriethoxy silane) demonstrated promising water contact angles of 147° and 142° respectively, indicating a move toward superhydrophobicity. In FTIR spectra, both treated cotton textiles had an absorption peak at 1208 cm (SiOC bending), indicating a stronger interaction between silane binding agents and the cotton substrate. The treated cotton fabric with desirable features retains its stability and endurance after 12 cycles of washing for antibacterial tests and 15 cycles for wettability tests. The manufactured cotton fabric has several potential applications, such as in personal hygiene items and medical applications.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) has unique properties such as high tensile strength, high crystallinity, and high purity. The fiber length of BC causes different attributes. Therefore, the degradation of BC has been studied extensively. In this study, the fibers of BC were rearranged via a DMAc-LiCl solvent and BC was degraded in the wet state. Two different degradation methods were applied: milling with liquid nitrogen and autoclave treatment. The degraded BCs were characterized by FTIR, TEM, AFM, TGA, and XRD. The solvent helps to align the fibers, making them more crystalline. The degraded BCs had a lower crystalline ratio than untreated BC, due to increased hydrogen bonding during degradation in the wet state. Degradation with an autoclave produced two different degraded BCs: nanofibrils and spherical nanocrystals, with and without solvent pretreatment, respectively. The nanofibril lengths were between 312 and 700 nm depending on the applied method, and the spherical nanocrystal size was 56 nm. The rearrangement via solvent causes an important difference in the degradation of BC. Nanofibrils and nanocrystals can be obtained, depending on the rearrangement of fibers before the degradation process.

Potential therapies for wound management remain one of the most challenging affairs to date. Biopolymer hydrogels possess inherent properties that facilitate the healing of damaged tissue by creating a supportive and hydrated environment. Chitosan/fibroin hydrogels were formulated with poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) and cross-linked using 3-aminopropyl (diethoxy) methylsilane (APDEMS) for the aforementioned function. The hydrogels were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, and their swelling response was observed using a variety of solvents. Additionally, hydrogels were investigated for biomedical applications. As the amount of fibroin added to the hydrogels increased, the swelling ratio decreased. The analysis of chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay revealed that higher concentrations of fibroin in the hydrogel were directly correlated with increased angiogenesis. The intragroup comparison showed that the vascular number in the CPF5 group was significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) compared to other hydrogel groups. The wound healing efficiency of the prepared hydrogels showed that the rate of wound reduction (99.06%) was remarkably (p ≤ 0.05) high in the hydrogel group with a greater fibroin content against control (67.03%). Histological findings of wounded tissues corroborate the abovementioned results, showing dense fibrous connective tissues in the fibroin group compared to the control. The results of this work provide thorough preclinical evidence that chitosan-fibroin biopolymers are involved in enhanced angiogenesis in growing chicks and speed up wound healing in mice without any obvious toxicity.

In recent years, hydrogels have found a special place in regenerative medicine for tissue repair, rehabilitation, and drug delivery. To be used in regenerative medicine, hydrogels must have desirable physical, chemical, and biological properties. In this study, a new biomonomer based on hydroxyethyl methacrylate-succinic acid-polyethylene glycol 200 (HEMA-Suc-PEG) was synthesized and characterized. Then, using the synthesized monomers and different ratios of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as a crosslinker, biocompatible hydrogels were synthesized through thermal and UV curing methods. The mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological properties of the hydrogels and the behavior of endothelial cells, an essential component of the cardiovascular system, were evaluated. The results showed that the hydrogel synthesized with 0.2 g of PEGDA (UV curing) has desirable mechanical and physical properties. Biological tests showed that these hydrogels are not only nontoxic to cells but also enhance cell adhesion. Therefore, the hydrogel containing the synthesized monomer HEMA-Suc-PEG and 0.2 g of PEGDA has the potential to be used in the cardiovascular system.

This investigation validated iodine binding in combination with lintnerization for studying the structural nature of the amorphous areas in starch granules. Lintners of four iodine vapor-stained and non-stained amylose-containing starches and their waxy counterparts were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC). The composition of the lintners was strongly affected by the absence of amylose in barley and potato starch but not in maize and cassava starch. Iodine-stained waxy lintners possessed increased number of long B2 chains. β-Limit dextrins of the lintners were very variable in composition. Iodine inclusion complexes washed out from the granular residues in the lintners (mostly from amylose-containing barley and maize starches) were also analyzed. Acid-soluble complexes from both amylose-containing and waxy starches possessed a lot of material with a degree of polymerization (DP) around 60 and a periodicity in size of DP 8-12. Such long chains were only minor components in water-soluble complexes of amylose-containing barley and maize starch lintners, and they lacked the size periodicity. Models of the principal structure of the acid and water-soluble complexes are suggested. It is concluded that acid hydrolysis of iodine-stained starch granules is a useful tool in structural analyses of the molecular composition of amorphous parts of starch granules.

The utilization of nanoformulations derived from natural products for the treatment of many human diseases, including cancer, is a rapidly developing field. Conventional therapies used for cancer treatment have limited efficacy and a greater number of adverse effects. Hence, it is imperative to develop innovative anticancer drugs with superior effectiveness. Among the diverse array of natural anticancer compounds, resveratrol, curcumin, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have gained considerable attention in recent years. Despite their strong anticancer properties, medicinally significant phytochemicals such as resveratrol, curcumin, and EGCG have certain disadvantages, such as limited solubility in water, stability, and bioavailability problems. Encapsulating these phytochemicals in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), a polymer that is nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible, is an effective method for delivering medication to the tumor location. In addition, PLGA nanoparticles can be modified with targeting molecules to specifically target cancer cells, thereby improving the effectiveness of phytochemicals in fighting tumors. Combining plant-based medicine (phytotherapy) with nanotechnology in a clinical environment has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of drugs and improve the overall health outcomes of patients. Therefore, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the different aspects and recent advancements in using PLGA-based nanocarriers for delivering anticancer phytochemicals. This review addresses the most recent advancements in PLGA-based delivery systems for resveratrol, EGCG, and curcumin, emphasizing the possibility of resolving issues related to the therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability of these compounds.

The rational use of autoclaved starches in food applications is difficult because there is a lack of information on their structure-functionality relationship. The novelty of this research relies on disclosing such an association. Hylon V starch was autoclaved at 105, 120, and 135°C to investigate its crystalline and double-helical features and its relationship with functionality. In autoclaved Hylon V starch, interactions of amylopectin and amylose improved while the crystalline regions decreased. The degree of double helices (DD) decreased after autoclaving at 105°C and the degree of order (DO) increased after treatment at 120 and 135°C. The water solubility index (WSI) (4.63-6.38%) and swelling power (SP) (4.39-7.1 g/g) increased when the temperature increased. On the other hand, water (103.49-225.01%) and oil (61.91-94.53%) holding capacity (WHC and OHC, respectively) increased after autoclaving treatment, although the values decreased with the treatment intensity. The functional properties were affected when the structure changed as a function of the treatment temperatures. PCA analysis showed that WSI and SP of autoclaved Hylon V starch were associated with a high DD, with better compaction, and with stronger amylopectin-amylose interactions. WHC and OHC were associated with better crystallinity, stronger interactions of amylopectin and amylose, and heterogeneous double-helical crystallites. These findings are useful for understanding the structure-functionality relationship of autoclaved Hylon V starch and pave the way for future research regarding the effects of its incorporation on the properties of food matrices such as bread, yogurt, cakes, and pudding.

In this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-tetrapropylammonium chloride (TCL)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) nonwoven networks were produced using PLA, PEG with different concentrations (3, 5, 7, and 9 wt%), and TCL. PEG is included as a plasticizer in PLA polymer, which has high biocompatibility but a brittle structure. The importance of this study is to investigate the effect of TCL salt on the characterization of PLA-PEG nanofibers. For this research, the cytotoxicity test system responsible for the fibroblast cell line (L929) was evaluated with the liquid absorption capacity (LAC) and drying time tests for its use in wound dressings. The addition of TCL salt reduced bead formation in PLA-PEG nanofibers and increased the homogeneity of fiber dispersion. The smoothest and most homogeneous nonwoven networks were obtained as PLA-5TCL-PEG. It was also reported that this nonwoven network exhibited liquid absorption behavior with a maximum increase of 150% compared to the PLA-PEG nonwoven network and had the highest Young's modulus value of 12.97 MPa. In addition to these tests, evaluations were made with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), drying time test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mechanical tests. In addition, high cell viability was observed in L292 mouse fibroblast cells at the end of the 24th hour, again with the effect of TCL salt. In addition, antibacterial activity was tested against gram-negative E. coli and gram-positive S. aureus bacteria, and it was observed that there was no antibacterial activity. Since PLA-TCL-PEG nonwoven webs have a maximum cell viability of 133.27%, they are recommended as a potential dermal wound dressing.

The human V1b receptor (V1bR) is primarily expressed in the corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary where it is involved in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The activation of V1bR induces the secretion of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary cells which, in turn, stimulates the production of cortisol via the adrenal cortex. Clinical studies have demonstrated the chronic dysfunction of the HPA axis in patients with several psychiatric disorders. Thus, the inhibition of the V1b receptor and normalizing the HPA axis hyperactivity is a promising approach to the treatment of many stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression. Nelivaptan is a selective V1bR antagonist that can be used for this purpose and an excellent molecule to study how antagonists interact with V1bR, especially since in recent years the experimental structures of vasopressin V2 and oxytocin receptors were solved, providing high-similarity templates for homology modeling of V1bR. Therefore, in this work, six independent molecular dynamics simulations of a V1bR-nelivaptan complex in a fully hydrated lipid bilayer, yielding a total simulation time of 6.0 μs, have been conducted. In the lowest-energy complexes obtained in this work and proposed to be the most probable structure of the V1bR-nelivaptan complex, the location of the ligand inside the receptor pocket is very similar to that of the other ligands observed in the experimental structures of the vasopressin/oxytocin receptor family. The receptor-ligand interaction has been analyzed and described, revealing the details of the molecular mechanism of this antagonist binding to V1bR and a probable contribution of L200 and T203 to binding selectivity.

Bone tissue engineering is a promising technology being studied globally to become an effective and sustainable method to treat the problems of damaged or diseased bones. In this work, we developed an in situ cross-linking hydrogel system that combined N-succinyl chitosan (NSC) and oxidized alginate (OA) at varying mixing ratios through Schiff base cross-linking. The hydrogel system also contains biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and ascorbic acid (AA), which could enhance biological characteristics and accelerate bone repair. The hydrogels' properties were examined through physicochemical tests such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), pore size and porosity measurement, swelling ratio, degradation rate, AA release study, as well as cytocompatibility, including live/dead and cytotoxicity assays. The results revealed that the supplementation of AA and BCP components can affect the physico-mechanical properties of the hydrogel system. However, they exhibited noncytotoxic properties. Overall, the results demonstrated that the hydrogel composed of 3% (w/v) NSC and 3% (w/v) OA (NSC: OA volume ratio is 8:2) loaded with 40% (w/w) BCP and 0.3 mg/mL AA has the potential for bone regeneration.

Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and controlled release, carbohydrates polymers are crucial to targeted drug delivery systems, notably for colon cancer treatment. This article examines how carbohydrate polymers like chitosan, pectin, guar gum, alginate, hyaluronic acid, dextran, and chondroitin sulfate are used in improved drug delivery. Modifying these polymers improves drug loading, stability, and release patterns, enhancing chemotherapeutic drugs' therapeutic index. Chitosan nanoparticles are pH-responsive, making them perfect for cancer treatment. Pectin's resistance to gastric enzymes and colonic bacteria makes it a promising colon-specific medication delivery agent. The combination of these polymers with nanotechnology, 3D printing, and AI allows the creation of stimuli-responsive systems that release drugs precisely in response to environmental signals like pH, redox potential, or colon enzymatic activity. The review highlights intelligent delivery system design advances that reduce systemic toxicity, improve treatment efficacy, and improve patient adherence. Carbohydrate polymers will revolutionize colon cancer treatment with personalized and accurate alternatives.

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) scaffolds have gained attention in additive manufacturing due to their unique porous structures, which are useful in biomedical applications. Unlike metallic implants that can cause stress shielding, polymeric scaffolds offer a safer alternative. This study is focused on enhancing the compressive strength of additive-manufactured polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds with a diamond structure. The response surface methodology (RSM)-based experimental design was developed to study the influence of printing parameters. The fused deposition modeling (FDM) process parameters were optimized, achieving a compressive strength of 56.2 MPa. Subsequently, the scaffolds were fabricated at optimized parameters and underwent ultrasonic-assisted polydopamine coating. With the utilization of the RSM approach, the study examined the effects of ultrasonic vibration power, coating solution concentration, and submersion time on compressive strength. The optimal coating conditions led to a maximum compressive strength of 92.77 MPa-a 65.1% improvement over the uncoated scaffold. This enhancement is attributed to the scaffold's porous structure, which enables uniform coating deposition. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy confirmed the successful polydopamine coating, with 10.64 wt% nitrogen content. These findings demonstrate the potential of ultrasonic-assisted coating in improving the mechanical properties of PLA scaffolds, making them suitable for biomedical applications.

This research investigates the production of biodegradable films using a combination of gum odina (GO) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with varied ratio. The study focuses on the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of PVA-GO composite films, emphasizing how versatile and biodegradable they may be for a range of packaging applications. Solvent-cast PVA-GO films with different ratios are subjected to a methodical analytical process to determine several parameters like mechanical qualities, thermal stability, biodegradability in soil, contact angle, transparency, water vapor permeability, moisture content, thickness, density, water solubility, microstructure, and FTIR analysis. The outcomes demonstrate that GO improves UV barrier qualities and water vapor permeability. Additionally, the films showed notable biodegradability, acceptable thermal stability, and mechanical qualities. In short, PVA-GO films can provide an eco-friendly packing substitute with adaptable qualities fit for a range of uses. Therefore, this research may further contribute promising information in the field of biodegradable packaging materials in the future.