Clinical skills training is essential in optometry curricula to develop core graduate entry competencies, including self-directed learning to facilitate life-long learning. Efficient and efficacious approaches are required to optimise student and educator time and resources.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with visual symptoms that may impact daily activities such as near-work tasks and social interactions. Addressing these visual issues is important for improving the overall quality of life and functional outcomes in individuals with ADHD, particularly in academic and social settings.

Oxygen delivery and tear exchange are considered essential to maintain corneal homoeostasis during contact lens wear. Since the 1940s, fenestrations and back surface channels have been utilised in scleral, corneal rigid, and soft contact lenses in an attempt to enhance corneal oxygen transmission, facilitate the removal of carbon dioxide from the post-lens tear layer, minimise corneal oedema and prevent post-lens tear stagnation. This review examines the use of contact lens fenestrations and channels in both clinical and laboratory settings, and the effect of these modifications upon tear exchange and corneal oedema. Despite almost a century of modifying contact lenses to alter tear dynamics and promote corneal health, the evidence regarding the efficacy of fenestrations and channels is mixed.

Angle closure glaucoma is one of the most common blinding diseases encountered mainly in older age groups, although it may also occur at a younger age. Identifying the underlying cause of angle closure helps in designing specific treatment strategies essential for effective disease management.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision impairment in people over 50 years of age and has a great impact on quality of life as it affects central vision. Although there have been treatments available for the neovascular form of late AMD for decades, until now there have not been treatments available for the atrophic form of late AMD - geographic atrophy (GA). Recently, treatments acting on the complement pathway have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, with other jurisdictions such as Australia considering their approval. Furthermore, there are many more potential treatments for GA currently in clinical trials. However, unlike the treatments for neovascular AMD, where clinicians have treated virtually all patients presenting with exudation, the decision to treat those with GA will be more nuanced and individualised. Longitudinal retinal imaging will be one important asset that will help tremendously when counselling patients, as through these images, the growth pattern of the atrophy can be determined. Even without individual prior imaging history, there are other imaging clues to help predict growth rates and threats to the fovea, and hence imminent vision loss. Optometrists have a critical role in this new era where GA treatments will be available, as they are often the first to have contact with GA patients. Insightful, well-informed counselling and appropriate referral for those seeking more information on potential treatment to confirm the diagnosis and perform baseline imaging at a location likely to undertake any future treatment will ensure that appropriate patients have had the best workup to be individually managed once these treatments arrive in Australia.

Optometry, a nearly century-old profession in India, plays an important role in determining the eye health status in the country. Professional regulation is in sight for optometry through the establishment of the National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions Act (NCAHP), 2021. The review offers critical insights on the present status of Indian optometric education - its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats - and identifies several areas of improvement for continued growth. Strong and diverse clinical exposure, international collaborations, and a young, dynamic, and geographically diverse workforce of optometrists is a strength for the profession in India. Impending long awaited accreditation of the profession is a weakness and cause for concern. That the optometry training programs can now build graduates who will be able to function with increasing scope of clinical responsibility based on the 'World Council of Optometry Global competency model of scope of practice' to cater to the eye care needs of the grass root-level population of India is an opportunity. Infrequent curricular upgradation and lack of uniform implementation are a threat. Putative solutions are identified for overcoming the challenges engulfing the profession and ways in which these solutions may be implemented in parallel with the current legislative changes witnessed in the profession. Appeal is made to the different stakeholders of the profession to critically review its present status and build a larger coherent vision that will place the profession on a continuous growth trajectory in the 21 century.

Refractive and ocular motor anomalies may be more prevalent among autistic adults without learning disabilities, compared to a non-autistic clinical population. In line with current guidance, optometrists should exclude these anomalies prior to prescribing tinted lenses.

Artificial intelligence has undergone a rapid evolution and large language models (LLMs) have become promising tools for healthcare, with the ability of providing human-like responses to questions. The capabilities of these tools in addressing questions related to keratoconus (KCN) have not been previously explored.

Scleral lens (SL) compression on the conjunctiva/episclera during wear may alter adjacent structures related to aqueous humour drainage.

Few studies have investigated the economic burden of keratoconus to patients and society including a patient's lifetime expenditure. Analysing disease cost is important in advocating funding and planning for appropriate management and treatment.

A validated questionnaire measures the construct accurately, helps clinician to support decision making, facilitates assessment and monitoring of patients, guides clinical trial and promotes patient-centred care.

Determining how Schlemm's canal is affected by trabeculectomy may become a marker for evaluating and monitoring surgical success.

The interaction between contact lenses and tear film plays a critical role in lens biocompatibility and can influence discomfort during wear. Early detection of biochemical changes is important for improving ocular surface health, preventing complications, and developing advanced lens materials to enhance long-term comfort.

As registered health professionals, optometrists have a responsibility to apply ethical reasoning skills to ensure the best outcomes for their patients.