is one of the most common foodborne pathogens associated with the consumption of contaminated porcine, dairy, and avian products. Nontyphoidal is a major cause of bacterial diarrhea, responsible for ∼150 million cases and 60,000 deaths annually. The main goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of spp. and to establish the virulence profile (VP) from genes (A, E, D, F, Q, C) and plasmid genes (A, B, C) in isolates obtained from cheese, chicken, and pork sold in food markets in Barrancabermeja, Colombia. A survey was conducted on 100 samples each matrix. The detection of spp. followed the ISO 6579:2017 standards modified, and isolates were confirmed using the A gene. In addition, single polymerase chain reaction assays were developed to detect the nine virulence genes. spp. was found in 62%, 32%, and 14% of pork, chicken, and cheese samples, respectively. A total of 277 isolates were biochemically, serologically, and molecularly compatible with spp. The most representative serogroups were C and B. Forty-seven combinations of virulence gene were detected; 53.5% of the pork isolates, 46.2% of the cheese isolates, and 39% of the chicken isolates were distributed among VP1, VP2, and VP3 suggesting a higher pathogenic potential. In addition, seven isolates harbored plasmid-encoded virulence genes (B and C), which are associated with increased invasiveness. The results revealed a higher prevalence of spp. in pork and chicken compared with other studies conducted in Colombia. The serogroups identified include serovars that more frequently affect humans Enteriditis, Newport, and Typhimurium. The isolations have the majority of the virulence genes studied. These findings highlight the need to improve control measures and educate food handlers to minimize the presence of spp. and its potential transmission.

Flagella are essential for bacterial motility and biofilm formation by aiding bacterial attachment to surfaces. However, the impact of flagella on bacterial behavior, particularly biofilm formation, remains unclear. This study constructed two flagellar mutation strains of Enteritidis (SE), namely, SE-Δ and SE-Δ, and confirmed the loss of flagellar structures and motility in these strains. The mutant strains exhibited growth comparable with the wild-type (WT) strain but had higher sedimentation rates. Biofilm biomass did not differ significantly between the WT and mutant strains, except for SE-Δ at 3 d. SE-Δ showed increased susceptibility to sodium hypochlorite compared to the WT. The co-sedimentation rate of flagella-deficient strains was lower than the WT, and the biomass of dual-species biofilm formed by B5 with SE-Δ or SE-Δ was significantly lower than with the WT. These findings emphasize the significance of SE flagella in biofilm formation and interspecies interactions, offering insights into targeted biofilm prevention and control measures.

Pathogenic bacteria such as () are the principal cause of cow mastitis, which primarily impacts milk yield and results in significant financial losses for the animal husbandry industry. Lactic acid bacteria-cell-free supernatant (LAB-CFS) and baicalin (BAI) both have a number of biological effects, including decreasing inflammation. The combined use of LAB-CFS and BAI does not appear to have been used to protective against mastitis, however, and the underlying mechanisms are yet unknown. In this study, activity of LAB-CFS and BAI alone and in combination was determined (checkerboard experiments, time-kill curves, and flow cytometry to investigate membrane permeability) and examined the protective effects of LAB-CFS and BAI on -induced mastitis in mice and the impact of NF-κB signaling pathways on the emergence of mastitis. We discovered that when LAB-CFS and BAI were used together, was more effectively treated than when LAB-CFS and BAI were used separately. Flow cytometry demonstrated that LAB-CFS and BAI work together to kill bacteria. , the usage of LAB-CFS and BAI decreased the activity of myeloperoxidase, as well as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α secretion and the levels of TLR2 and p65 (NF-κB) expression. These findings suggested that LAB-CFS and BAI had a preventive effect against mastitis brought on by . Therefore, the NF-κB signaling pathway is thought to be the likely mechanism through which LAB-CFS and BAI reduced -induced inflammation in the mammary of cows. For the treatment of cow mastitis, LAB-CFS and BAI are likely to replace antibiotics.

In recent years, the wild deer population in Japan has grown exponentially, causing severe feeding damage to the agricultural and forestry industries. Therefore, the game meat industry is being promoted for effective utilization of hunted animals. Wild animals are not hygienically controlled and can serve as reservoirs for pathogenic microorganisms. However, epidemiological information on wild animals in Japan remains insufficient. Recently, food poisoning-like cases have occurred because of raw venison infection with spp. As the prevalence of spp. in sika deer is very high in Japan and even fawns are infected, this study attempted to verify the vertical infection of spp. in sika deer in Japan. Genetic detection of 18S ribosomal RNA in fetal and maternal tissues from early to late gestation in sika deer revealed Types 1-5 and in the mother and fetus. Types 1, 2, 4, and 5 were detected in the maternal tissues of Ezo sika deer () in Hokkaido, whereas Types 1 and 2 and were detected in fetuses. Types 1-5 were detected in Honshu sika deer (s) in Mie Prefecture but not in the fetuses. Types 1, 2, and 4 were detected in the udder and milk samples. This indicates that Types 1 and 2 and have the ability to pass through the placenta of sika deer and invade fetal tissues and Types 1, 2, and 4 may be transmitted orally via milk. These findings suggest that there is transplacental and transmammary transmission of spp. in sika deer.

is a foodborne mycete that can induce recurrent pneumonia, but the current detection methods have insufficient sensitivity and rapidity. Here, we aim to develop an efficient and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primer set for detection. First, we designed a novel set of LAMP primers by targeting the gene. The LAMP reaction system was optimized by screening reaction temperature and betaine concentration. And then, the specificity of the proposed primers was verified by using 10 interferent microorganism species. The sensitivity of the designed method was compared with that of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on pure cultures and complex matrix. The accuracy and response time of the method were examined by simulated samples. Our proposed primer set could accurately detect from different food matrices with no response to other microorganisms. More intriguingly, this method possessed a low limit of detection (2 copies/reaction, 10-fold less than PCR), a short measuring time (<30 min), and a naked-eye readability. A real sample test demonstrates the good recovery rate and accuracy in apple, corn, milk, and other food matrix. Our proposed primer set provides great potential for rapid assessment of contamination in food by integrating portable equipment and microscale reaction system.

Focusing on the global epidemiology and subtype distribution of sp. in camelids (camels and alpacas), the present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Utilizing relevant keywords, a thorough search was conducted on four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) with no time constraints up to April 1, 2024. Total estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were subsequently calculated using a random-effects model. Finally, 11 studies with 18 datasets provided the required data. The global prevalence of sp. in camelids was estimated at 22%, with a 95% CI of 17.2-27.6%. Among 1061 camels, the pooled prevalence of sp. was 21.6% (95% CI: 16.6-27.6%) across 5 countries, which was lower than the 23.5% (95% CI: 12.2-43.1%) found in 449 tested alpacas across 3 countries. Camels were found to carry 15 genetically diverse subtypes (STs) of sp. (ST1-ST7, ST10, ST14, ST15, ST21, ST24, ST25, ST26, and ST30). Among these, ST10 exhibited the highest pooled prevalence [five datasets, 38.3% (95% CI: 22.4-57.1%)], followed by ST1 [three datasets, 24% (95% CI: 6-61.2%)] and ST14 [four datasets, 15.2% (95% CI: 6.7-31%)]. Alpacas exhibited three distinct STs (ST5, ST10, and ST14). Among these, ST10 [four datasets, 50.3% (95% CI: 33.3-67.3%)] had the greatest weighted frequency, with ST14 [four datasets, 40.2% (95% CI: 23.8-59.1%)] following closely behind. Of note, 9 zoonotic STs (ST1-ST7, ST10, and ST14) have been identified in camels and 3 in alpacas (ST5, ST10, and ST14) out of the 16 zoonotic STs (ST1-ST10, ST12, ST14, ST16, ST23, ST35, and ST41) of sp. reported to date. Overall, camelids (camels and alpacas) can serve as a diverse reservoir for various sp. STs, potentially contributing to infections in humans, animals, and water sources. Nevertheless, research in this area is somewhat restricted, necessitating careful interpretation of the findings.

Laboratory-based surveillance for enteric pathogens causing diarrhea is foundational for monitoring foodborne diseases in the United States. However, diarrheal illnesses are not always confirmed by laboratory testing, so estimates of the true number of illnesses must adjust for underdiagnosis, including underdiagnosis due to ill persons not seeking medical care or submitting a stool sample for laboratory testing. We assessed these factors among persons with an acute diarrheal illness who responded to the most recent Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) Population Survey (2018-2019). Multiple modes of administration (telephone, web-based) and multiple sampling frames were used to ask survey respondents in English or Spanish about diarrhea and other symptoms experienced in the 30 days before the interview and to ask if they had sought medical care or submitted a stool sample. Of 1018 respondents with an acute diarrheal illness, 22.0% had sought medical care and 4.7% submitted a stool sample. On multivariable analysis, older adults (aged 65 years and over), male respondents, and persons with a household income of ≥$40,000 per annum were significantly more likely to seek medical care, as were respondents reporting cough, fever, vomiting, recent international travel, or duration of diarrhea for ≥3 days. Older adults and persons with five or more loose stools in 24 h who sought medical care were significantly more likely to submit a stool sample. Ill respondents with a concurrent cough were less likely to submit a stool sample. Sociodemographic characteristics, symptoms, and international travel influence whether a patient with an acute diarrheal illness will seek care or submit a stool specimen. Accounting for these factors when analyzing surveillance data will likely produce more precise estimates of the true number of foodborne illnesses.

The infection status and etiological analysis of spp. from foodborne diarrhea patients in Wenzhou were carried out to provide the etiological basis for healthy diet and clinical treatment. isolates ( = 41) collected from foodborne diarrhea patients were identified using the automatic bacteriologic analyzer and mass spectrometer. Species identification, multilocus sequence typing, prediction of virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance genes were analyzed by the data of whole genome sequencing. The antibiotic resistance of these isolates was determined using miniaturization of the broth dilution susceptibility test. A total of 1829 stool samples of diarrhea patients were collected, and the detection rate of spp. was 2.24% (41/1829). Moreover, spp. are more easily detected in warmer months (from June to August), which were identified as follows: (53.66%, 22/41), (21.95%, 9/41), (9.76%, 4/41), (4.88%, 2/41), (4.88%, 2/41), (2.44%, 1/41), and (2.44%, 1/41). All strains can be divided into 38 sequence types, 31 of which were novel, suggesting that spp. had high genetic diversity, multiple clones, and various sources in diarrhea patients. High number of genetic diversity and resistance were found in the isolates. In addition, the category distribution of the virulence genes was significantly different among the seven species of . spp. had different degrees of resistance to antibiotics, and tetracycline was the most serious, with a resistance rate of 27%. What's more, for some antimicrobial classes antimicrobial resistance gene detection was highly correlated with phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns with an overall sensitivity of 93.3% and a specificity of 66.7%. The findings from this research highlighted the importance for development of prevention and control strategies to reduce the risk of foodborne diarrhea caused by spp.

We performed a literature review focusing on case reports and case series studies, aiming to better define the clinical presentation of isolated lateral intraventricular neurocysticercosis (LVNCC) and to discuss the current knowledge of its characteristics, patient demographics, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis, based on the collected data. Data for this study were gathered by conducting searches on the Medline database and Google Scholar using various combinations of the following terms "intraventricular neurocysticercosis (IVNCC)," "brain ventricle cyst," "cysticercosis of lateral brain ventricles," "cysticercus cyst in brain ventricles," and "intraventricular cystic brain lesion." Articles published in English between January 1980 and March 2023 that reported cases of LVNCC were selected for analysis. This study included 48 patients (mean age 33.1 ± 14.1, range 6-70 years) diagnosed with LVNCC. Most patients were from India. The predominant clinical manifestation was headache (87.8%), followed by nausea/vomiting (51.2%), altered sensorium (51.2%), and focal neurological deficits (29.3%). In most cases, symptoms lasted from 10 d to 20 years (67.6%). The mean age at symptom onset was higher than in those with cysts in the third and fourth ventricles ( = 0.010058), and a greater proportion of vesicular cysts was observed (58.3%). Hydrocephalus was common (81.3%), with a significant percentage showing unilateral ventricular enlargement (38.5%). Surgical excision of the parasite (predominantly endoscopic) was the prevailing type of treatment (72.9%). Postoperatively, anti-helminthics were administered in 37.5% of cases. Most patients (80.5%) had favorable clinical outcomes or improved clinical status; six patients died, while the clinical outcomes of seven individuals were not specified in reports. LVNCC is a rare form of NCC, typically characterized by symptoms lasting >7 d. Invasion of the ventricle by cysticerci occurs mainly in middle-aged individuals. Endoscopy is the preferred treatment option, although the prognosis is influenced by various factors. Mortality is high in untreated patients.

Foodborne transmission of the Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is becoming an important public health problem in China, but the food associated with the HEV transmission route remains unclear. Pig liver is among the suspected food products involved in HEV transmission. Our research aimed to survey the contamination rate and genotype identification of HEV in pig livers from different types of markets in selected provinces of China. reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to screen for HEV in pig livers, nest RT-PCR was used for partial amplification of opren reading frame (ORF) 2, followed by sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis to determine the genotype of positive samples. A total of 787 pig liver samples from 7 provinces were collected. The average positive rate of HEV was 8.13% (64/787), Inner Mongolia (14.29%, 1/7) and Hebei province (14.29%, 23/161) showed the highest positive rate. There was a significant difference among the provinces ( < 0.01). Three major market types (wholesale market, supermarket, and butcher's shop) were included in this study, and the positive rates were 5.28% (21/398), 15.86% (23/145), and 8.20% (20/244), respectively. There was no significant difference among the three market types. Eleven of the positive samples were partially sequenced and identified genotypes 4a, 4d, and 3a.

is still recognized as being commonly susceptible to antibiotics; however, there have been reports of reduced susceptibility in recent years. The significance of this resistance is not clear, in part due to the disparity in the antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods used. EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) has recently proposed a standardized method for antibiotic susceptibility testing of . The aim of this work was to evaluate the susceptibility to 11 antibiotics in clinical use of 50 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types of representing 347 isolates from a poultry industry setting using the EUCAST method and to compare the results with those obtained 10 years before. All poultry strains were sensitive to all the antibiotics tested but one strain was resistant to benzylpenicillin according to the EUCAST criteria. The current findings supported the previous study and confirmed that in certain food-associated populations, antibiotic sensitivity has remained stable.

Microorganisms detected on dairy factory surfaces after disinfection can cause product contamination, leading to economic losses and health hazards for consumers. In this study, the presence of spp. and Coliform in a total of 450 samples taken from food-contact and non-contact surfaces (stainless steel, plastic, cloth, and tiles surfaces), raw milk and final product (white cheese, kashar cheese, butter, yogurt, and cream) samples in five dairy factories was investigated by conventional techniques. The isolates obtained were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. In this study, a total of 54 (16.7% and 81.5% coagulase-negative [CNS]) and 44 coliform isolates were identified at the species level. The most common CNS isolated by samples was followed by . and . Eighteen of the coliform isolates (41%) were identified as ; 13 (29.5%) as ; 3 (6.9%) as and ; 2 (4.5%) as ; 1 (2.3%) as and . The contamination rate of non-food contact surfaces (71.3%) was found to be higher than food contact surfaces (10.4%), and contaminated surfaces were found to be effective in product contamination. Study results show that some bacterial species obtained from raw milk, surfaces, and final products are factory specific and surface-associated bacteria are prominent in the product microbial profile.

Milk, a nutritious global important food commodity, serves as an excellent medium for microbial growth as well. The foodborne pathogen is a commensal member of human microflora that enters the food chain through poor hygienic practices and cross contamination and causes various clinical manifestations in humans. During this study, raw milk and swab samples (milker's hand, udder, towel, milking bucket, and farm floor) were collected from four middle-scale buffalo dairy farms. The results revealed presence in 11.6% ( = 56/448) bucket raw milk samples and 2.6% ( = 12/448) udder raw milk samples. Contrarily, prevalence was significantly higher in farm floors (100%, = 84/84), towel (35.7%, = 10/28), milking bucket (11.6%, = 56/448), milker's hand (10.7%, = 3/28), and udder swab samples (4.0%, = 18/448). The chi-square test yielded values of 0.000, 0.005, and 0.0011 for udder raw milk, udder swab, and milker's hand swab, respectively. The values of the milking bucket ( = 0.048) and farm floors ( = 0.0183) confirmed their possible role in cross contamination. Gene amplifications of nuclease and enterotoxin A indicate potential virulence of isolates in collected samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed multidrug resistance in 44% ( = 239) of isolates with the highest resistance of 61% against penicillin. Resistance against ampicillin, streptomycin, and lincomycin was observed. Fewer isolates were resistant to kanamycin and erythromycin, whereas the lowest number of resistant isolates was observed against chloramphenicol. A high prevalence of in the farm environment and milking equipment suggested the cross contamination of potentially enterotoxin-producing and multidrug-resistant to raw milk. Therefore, good hygiene practices should be enforced to avoid foodborne and zoonotic infections.

The present study evaluated the occurrence, antibiogram profile, and sequence types (STs) of multidrug resistant (MDR) from freshly laid eggs ( = 480), feed ( = 24), water ( = 24), poultry droppings ( = 24), and hand swab samples ( = 10) collected from 24 deep litter (DL) and caged poultry layer farms (12 per category) across Punjab, India. The overall contamination rate in DL and cage farms was 32% (95% confidence intervals [CI], 26.6-37.8%) and 16.7% (95% CI, 12.6-21.6%), respectively. The logistic regression analysis revealed that the DL system had higher odds of occurrence (odds ratio [OR]) of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) (2.195, 95% CI, 1.065, 4.522) and ESBL/AmpC coproducers (2.69, 95% CI, 1.122, 6.45) compared to the cage system. Additionally, isolates from the DL were 4.065 (95% CI, 1.477, 11.188) times more tetracycline resistant compared to the latter; however, resistance to amoxyclavulanate (OR, 0.437; 95% CI, 0.209, 0.912), and ampicillin (OR, 0.343; 95% CI, 0.163, 0.720) was lesser in DL system. Notably, around 97.7% and 87.2% of the isolates from the DL and cage system were MDR, with the DL system having 6.439 (95% CI, 1.246, 33.283) times more chances of harboring MDR . Additionally, among the resistance genes, the DL system demonstrated significantly high presence of (56%), A/B/S (42.3%), and A/B (30.6%). Furthermore, multilocus sequence typing of 11 MDR isolates ( = 5, DL, and 6, cage) revealed the presence of 10 STs, of which ST10, ST155, and ST156 were found to be of public health importance. Therefore, the present study highlights the burden of MDR, ESBL, and AmpC-producing on poultry eggs and farm environment, which could be carried over to human handlers and consumers upon direct contact during handling and processing.

The waters of rivers Swat and Kabul are the main water source for domestic and irrigation purposes in the northwestern part of Pakistan. However, this water has been contaminated due to human activities. This study aimed to analyze the water of these rivers for occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes among Gram-negative bacteria. Samples were collected from 10 different locations of these rivers. The samples were processed for the isolation of Gram-negative bacteria. Isolated bacteria were checked against 12 different antibiotics for susceptibility. The isolates were also analyzed for the presence of seven antibiotic resistance genes. A total of 50 bacterial isolates were recovered that belonged to five different bacterial genera, that is, , , , (), and . Antibiotic resistance pattern was cefixime 72%, cephalothin 72%, ampicillin 68%, nalidixic acid 68%, kanamycin 54%, streptomycin 42%, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 28%, chloramphenicol 28%, meropenem 8%, gentamicin 8%, amikacin 2%, and tobramycin 2%. The prevalence of gene was 72% ( = 36), gene 34% ( = 17), gene 32% ( = 16), gene 12% ( = 6), gene 66% ( = 33), and gene 6% ( = 3). This information highlights the need for controlling and monitoring the release of domestic wastes to rivers.

Parasites of and genera, prevalent among various vertebrates such as humans and pigs, pose a zoonotic threat as common protozoan pathogens. This study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of and species in pigs and wild boars across central and southern Vietnam, to ascertain parasite transmission dynamics. A total of 113 independent stool samples from 77 pigs and 36 wild boars were analyzed using PCR-based molecular methodologies to detect the presence of spp. and spp. The identified species were further characterized through Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed. The study revealed a high prevalence of spp. (62%, = 70/113) and spp. (31%, = 35/113). (57%, = 40) was predominant, followed by (40%, = 40) and (3%, = 2). Among species, (89%, = 31) was the most common, followed by (11%, = 4). Wild boars exhibited a higher prevalence of infection compared with domestic pigs ( = 0.019). The study highlights a high prevalence of and suggesting a potential for zoonotic transmission in Vietnam. Further investigations are necessary to determine the extent to which these parasites in pigs and wild boars contribute to the burden in the human population.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of garlic metabolites on the quorum sensing (QS) of , a foodborne pathogen that controls its main virulence factor through QS. The QS signal receptor PlcR of was targeted by molecular docking with 82 garlic metabolites to identify the most potent QS inhibitors. Five metabolites, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, flavone, and rutin, were selected for further evaluation of their impacts on the growth, toxin production, and virulence of . The expression levels of key QS genes were also measured to verify their anti-QS ability. The results revealed that quercetin reduced enterotoxin production by but did not affect the QS process at the transcriptional level; flavone and rutin in garlic interfered with the QS of by competing with the autoinducing peptide (AIP) PapR for the PlcR binding site, resulting in decreased enterotoxin secretion and hemolysis without altering the bacterial growth. Interestingly, luteolin and kaempferol in garlic acted as AIP analogs and bound to PlcR to stimulate the QS process and virulence. Furthermore, kaempferol, luteolin, flavone, and rutin had distinct or opposite interactions with PapR at the Gln237 or Tyr275 residues of PlcR, which determined the suppression or enhancement of the QS process. The findings suggested that flavone and rutin were effective compounds to inhibit the QS process in garlic and could be used as alternative methods to control .

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a prevalent serious disease among dairy cows worldwide. It poses a significant challenge to the dairy industry, animal welfare, and a threat to public health. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular detection, prevalence, and antimicrobial resistance of spp. and spp. isolated from raw composite milk samples obtained from SCM dairy cattle in Bangladesh. A total of 612 quarters milk samples obtained from 153 cows were analyzed for SCM using the California Mastitis Test. Bacterial isolation and identification were carried out and bacterial species were confirmed using molecular polymerase chain reaction methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disc diffusion method. The findings revealed that the prevalence of SCM was 70.3% (26/37), 35.95% (55/153), and 23.04% (141/612) in the herd, cow, and quarter levels, respectively. Among the positive samples, 92.7% (51/55) were spp. (, and ) and the remaining isolates were 7.3% (4/55) spp. ( and ). The most prevalent species was accounting for 67.3% (37/55). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 65.5% of isolates were susceptible to cefoxitin, whereas, 89.1% were resistant to penicillin. Overall, 12 isolates (21.8%) out of 55 were resistant to more than three classes of antimicrobials and were defined as multidrug-resistant isolates. Methicillin-resistance gene was detected in 61.1% of the cefoxitin-resistant isolates. A multivariate logistic regression analysis identified five potential risk factors including the lack of post-milking teat disinfection (OR: 3.06), absence of immediate feeding after milking (OR: 9.81), poor udder hygiene (OR: 7.83), tick infestation (OR: 13.76), and absence of dry cow therapy (OR: 3.31). The findings of the current study underscore the urgent requirement for targeted interventions, considering the identified factors to effectively manage and control SCM in dairy cows.

() is among the major skin infection-causing pathogens in animals and humans. Its ability to form biofilms has become a foremost cause of bacterial infections and the extensive spread of drug resistance, which poses a great difficulty in clinical treatment. Glabridin (Glb), an extract of licorice with antibacterial and anti-infective properties, has a partially understood biofilm-inhibitory mechanism. This study investigated the inhibitory and antibiofilm activities of subinhibitory concentrations of Glb against . The crystal violet assay revealed that Glb significantly suppressed biofilm expression. Scanning electron microscopy observations unveiled that Glb reduced adhesion and accumulation by disrupting the spatial structure of the biofilm. In vitro extracellular DNA (eDNA) inhibition assays demonstrated that Glb inhibited biofilm formation by suppressing eDNA secretion. In total, 184 differentially expressed genes were obtained through transcriptomic (RNA-seq) sequencing, of which 81 and 103 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Glb regulated the transcript levels of biofilm-related genes through the phosphatase transfer system, two-component regulatory system, and nitrogen metabolism. The qPCR analysis was performed to confirm whether Glb interfered with the expression of regulatory genes involved in biofilm formation ( and ) as well as the virulence gene . In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Glb has a significant inhibitory effect on biofilm activity and is expected to be a good antibiofilm drug.

In this study, we examined the impact of ( Efm) and its extracellular vesicles (EVs) on intestinal morphological structure, antioxidant function, inflammatory response, and permeability in rats. In a 5-day feeding experiment, a total of 72 female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly allotted into nine groups with eight rats per group. The study was conducted in three parts. First, we examined the impact of Efm on ethanol-induced intestinal injury. Second, we investigated the protective effects of various active components of bacterial culture on intestinal function . Third, we explored the impact of Efm with elevated EV secretion on intestinal function. The rats were treated by gavage administration (5 mL/kg body weight [BW]) every other day for a total of three times. After the last treatment at 2 h, the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group received 5 mL/kg BW of PBS orally, whereas the other groups were orally administered 5 mL/kg BW of absolute ethanol to induce intestinal injury. After the feeding trial, eight rats per treatment were collected for intestinal samples. Our findings demonstrate that pretreatment with Efm can reverse morphological alterations in intestinal tissues, enhance superoxide dismutase/malondialdehyde levels, increase intestinal permeability, and reduce the inflammation levels, thereby regulating intestinal damage. Pretreatment with EfmEVs reversed the detrimental effects of ethanol-induced intestinal damage, displaying a discernible decline in inflammation, augmented permeability, and bolstered antioxidant capacity. Moreover, the release of EVs contributes to the intestinal safeguarding mechanism of Efm. EVs act as mediators in Efm's protective response against ethanol-induced intestinal injury by mitigating inflammation and enhancing antioxidant activity. The Clinical Trial Registration Number: FOSU210403.