While there is evidence that long-chain -3 PUFA supplementation benefits mood, the extent to which a single high dose of -3 PUFA can induce acute mood effects has not been examined. The present study investigated whether a single dose of a DHA-rich powder affects self-reported mood in middle-aged males during elevated cognitive demand. In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a balanced crossover design, twenty-nine healthy males (age M = 52.8 years, sd = 5.3) were administered a powder (in a meal) containing 4·74 g -3 PUFA (DHA 4020 mg; EPA 720 mg) or placebo in random order on two different testing days separated by a washout period of 7 ± 3 d. Participants completed mood assessments before and after completing two cognitive test batteries at baseline and again 3·5-4·0 h following the consumption of the active treatment or placebo. While completion of the cognitive test batteries increased negative mood, differential effects for alertness ( = 0·008) and stress ( = 0·04) followed consumption of the DHA-rich powder compared with placebo. Although alertness declined when completing the cognitive batteries, it was higher following consumption of the DHA-rich powder compared with placebo ( = 0·006). Conversely, stress was lower following consumption of the DHA-rich powder relative to placebo, though this difference only approached significance ( = 0·05). Overall, results from this pilot study demonstrate that a single high dose of -3 PUFA may deliver acute mood benefits following elevated cognitive demand in healthy middle-aged males.

Childhood and puberty can affect metabolism, leading to tissue injury and malfunction later in life. The consumption of high-processed foods rich in salt and sugar is increasing in middle- and high-income countries, especially among young people. It is necessary to evaluate the effects of high salt and sugar levels in the youth on most injured organs during metabolic challenges. We aimed to investigate whether high salt/sucrose intake affects whole-body development and leads to end-organ injury. Weaned Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a control group fed a standard diet (CO) and tap water, and an experimental group (SS) fed a standard diet and a beverage containing 1.8% NaCl and 20% sucrose instead of tap water. The animals were treated for 60 days, starting after weaning at 21 days of age, after which the animals were subjected to glucose and insulin tolerance tests, urine collection, and heart rate monitoring, and euthanized for sample collection at 81 days of age. SS showed reduced body weight gain and increased food intake of sodium/sucrose solution. Interestingly, high salt/sucrose intake led to increased body adiposity, liver lipid inclusion, heart rate, and renal dysfunction. SS exhibits increased levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha to counterbalance the hypertrophy of brown adipose tissue. Our findings reveal that the SS rat model exhibits non-obvious obesity with end-organ damage and preserved brown adipose tissue function. This model closely parallels human conditions with normal BMI but elevated visceral adiposity, providing a relevant tool for studying atypical metabolic disorders.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of low-carbohydrate diet, balanced dietary guidance, and pharmacotherapy on weight loss among individuals with overweight or obesity over a period of three months. The study involves 339 individuals with overweight or obesity and received weight loss treatment at the Department of Clinical Nutrition at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, between January 1st, 2020 and December 31st, 2023. The primary outcome is the percentage weight loss. Among the studied patients, the majority chose low-carbohydrate diet as their primary treatment (168 [49.56%]), followed by balanced dietary guidance (139[41.00%]) and pharmacotherapy (32 [9.44%]). The total percentage weight loss for patients who were followed up for 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months was 4.98 (3.04,6.29) %,7.93 (5.42, 7.93) % and 10.71 (7.74,13.83) %, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified low-carbohydrate diet as an independent factor associated with percentage weight loss of ≥3% and ≥5% at 1 month (odds ratio =0.461, ＜0.05; =0.349, ＜0.001). The results showed that a low-carbohydrate diet was an effective weight loss strategy in the short term. However, its long-term effects were comparable to those observed with balanced dietary guidance and pharmacotherapy.

Early childhood growth is associated with cognitive function. However, the independent associations of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) with cognitive function are not well understood. We investigated associations of FM and FFM at birth and 0-5 years accretion with cognitive function at 10 years. Healthy term newborns were enrolled in this cohort. FM and FFM were measured at birth, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6 months, 4 and 5 years. Cognitive function was assessed using Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) at 10 years. FM and FFM accretion were computed using statistically independent conditional accretion from 0-3 months, 3-6 months, 6 months-4 years, and 4-5 years. Multiple linear regression was used to assess associations. At the 10-year follow-up, we assessed 318 children with mean (SD) age of 9.8 (1.0) years. A 1 SD higher birth FFM was associated with a 0.14 SD (95% CI: 0.01, 0.28) higher PPVT at 10 years 0.08, 0.93 -0.90, -0.07. FFM accretion after 6 months showed no association with PPVT. Neither irth FFM, but not FM was associated with cognitive function at 10 years, while t cognitive function . The mechanisms underlying this varying association between body composition and cognitive function need further investigation.

Dietitians working at evacuation shelters conduct weighed food records (WFRs) for multiple days for dietary assessment. Because the menus in evacuation shelters do not change much from day to day, this study examined whether one- and two-day WFRs are sufficient for dietary assessment at shelters and identified dietary components that can influence the number of assessment days. Overall, 26 WFRs were collected from 10 shelters in Kumamoto Prefecture, and the amounts of energy; protein; vitamins B, B and C and salt were calculated. Correlation analysis and paired sample tests were conducted to examine significant differences between 'one- and two-consecutive- or nonconsecutive-day WFRs' and 'three-consecutive-day WFRs', which were set as the standard in this study. Additionally, the coefficients of variation (CV) for the categories by meal and dish were calculated to examine the variables that affected the large variations. As a result, one-day WFRs had significant positive correlations with the standard; thus, it could be used for the triage of shelters requiring nutrition assistance as a substitute for three-day WFRs. Two-consecutive-day and nonconsecutive-day WFRs showed a stronger correlation with the standard compared with the one-day WFRs. For energy and nutrients and dish categories, ready-to-eat foods had larger CV than boxed meals or foods from hot meal services. Whenever the meals included ready-to-eat foods, a two-nonconsecutive-day WFR is recommended considering large between-day variations. Salty soup or beverages affected the variation of some nutrients. Our result would help municipalities to consider the number of WFRs during emergency.

No study has validated questionnaires for assessing easily calculable diet quality scores in Japan. The Brief-type self-administered Diet History Questionnaire (BDHQ) is widely used to assess dietary intake in Japan, while the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire (MDHQ) assesses dietary intake for each meal (breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks) and overall dietary intake. This study examined the relative validity of the BDHQ and MDHQ for assessing three diet quality scores in Japanese adults. A total of 111 women and 111 men aged 30-76 years completed the web MDHQ and BDHQ, followed by 4-non-consective-day weighed dietary records. The diet quality scores examined included the Diet Quality Score for Japanese (DQSJ), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score and Alternate Mediterranean Diet (AMED) score. The means of the three scores for overall diet from the BDHQ were not significantly different from those from the dietary records in both sexes, whereas those from the MDHQ were higher than those from the dietary records, except for the DASH and AMED in women. Pearson's correlation coefficients between both questionnaires and dietary records were 0·57-0·63 for DQSJ, 0·49-0·57 for DASH and 0·31-0·49 for AMED across both sexes and both questionnaires. For each meal, Pearson's correlation coefficients between the MDHQ and dietary records ranged from 0·01 (DASH for snacks in women) to 0·55 (DQSJ for breakfast in men), with a median of 0·35. This study showed that the ability of the BDHQ and MDHQ to rank individuals was good for DQSJ and DASH and acceptable for AMED.

Skeletal muscle is of great importance for human activity and quality of life, as its loss contributes greatly to immobilization, especially for aged individuals. An increased dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins may be beneficial for muscle loss because of aging. However, the quantitative relationship between total antioxidation capacity (TAC) of antioxidant vitamins and muscle mass is undetermined. 4009 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed with demographic, lifestyle and dietary intake adjustment factors. The dose saturation effect was also determined by a saturation effect analysis. Subgroup analysis were performed forage and sex. In the fully adjusted model, per unit increase of dietary TAC was associated with an increase of 0.018 g/kg appendicular lean mass (95% CI: 0.007-0.029), 0.014 g/kg trunk lean mass (95% CI: 0.004-0.024) and 0.035 g/kg total lean mass (95% CI: 0.014-0.055). TAC was associated with an decrease of 0.004 kg/kg total percent fat (95% CI: -0.006--0.002), 0.005 kg/kg trunk percent fat (95% CI: -0.007--0.002) and 0.003 kg/m2 BMI (95% CI: -0.006--0.001) at the same time. Subgroup analysis indicated that women and adults <50 years may experience the most significant association between TAC and skeletal muscle mass. We revealed a positive correlation between TAC and lean body mass, a negative association between TAC and body fat and BMI. Saturation values were found among people aged 40-59. Age and sex mediate these associations.

Timing of food intake is an emerging aspect of nutrition; however, there is a lack of research accurately assessing food timing in the context of the circadian system. The study aimed to investigate the relation between food timing relative to clock time and endogenous circadian timing with adiposity and further explore sex differences in these associations among 151 young adults aged 18-25 years. Participants wore wrist actigraphy and documented sleep and food schedules in real time for 7 consecutive days. Circadian timing was determined by dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO). The duration between last eating occasion and DLMO (last EO-DLMO) was used to calculate the circadian timing of food intake. Adiposity was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Of the 151 participants, 133 were included in the statistical analysis finally. The results demonstrated that associations of adiposity with food timing relative to circadian timing rather than clock time among young adults living in real-world settings. Sex-stratified analyses revealed that associations between last EO-DLMO and adiposity were significant in females but not males. For females, each hour increase in last EO-DLMO was associated with higher BMI by 0·51 kg/m ( = 0·01), higher percent body fat by 1·05 % ( = 0·007), higher fat mass by 0·99 kg ( = 0·01) and higher visceral fat area by 4·75 cm ( = 0·02), whereas non-significant associations were present among males. The findings highlight the importance of considering the timing of food intake relative to endogenous circadian timing instead of only as clock time.

The incidence of obesity related glomerulopathy (ORG) is rising worldwide with very limited treatment methods. Paralleled with the gut-kidney axis theory, beneficial effects of butyrate, one of short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbiota, on metabolism and certain kidney diseases have gained growing attention. However, the effects of butyrate on ORG and its underlying mechanism are largely unexplored. In this study, a mice model of ORG was established with high-fat diet (HFD) feeding for 16 weeks, and sodium butyrate treatment was initiated at the 8th week. Podocytes injury, oxidative stress, and mitochondria function were evaluated in mice kidney and validated in palmitic acid (PA) treated-MPC5 cells. Further, the molecular mechanisms of butyrate on podocytes were explored. Compared with controls, sodium butyrate treatment alleviated kidney injuries and renal oxidative stress in HFD-fed mice. In MPC5 cells, butyrate ameliorated PA-induced podocyte damage and helped maintain the structure and function of the mitochondria. Moreover, the effects of butyrate on podocytes were mediated GPR43-Sirt3 signal pathway, as evidenced by the diminished effects of butyrate with the intervention of GPR43 or Sirt3 inhibitors. In summary, we conclude that butyrate has therapeutic potential for the treatment of ORG. It attenuates HFD-induced ORG and podocytes injuries through the activation of GPR43-Sirt3 signaling pathway.

The scientific literature indicates that chokeberry is widely used as a supplement to support the maintenance of the body's homeostasis by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. In recent years, positive effects of chokeberry on intestinal parameters have also been observed. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and according to recent reports, also the gut microbiome are closely related to the overall well-being and health of the population. This study, therefore, attempts to summarize all the health benefits of black chokeberry supplementation. This study was registered in PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) under registration number CRD42023395969. Additionally, the systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. Electronic databases were searched in Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, and EBSCO using the following combination of the words "chokeberry or aronia" and "inflammation or oxidative stress or microbiota or microbiome or permeability or gut." Ultimately, 57 studies were summarized in the review. Data analysis showed that black chokeberry has a positive effect on the reduction of inflammation, oxidative stress, and intestinal microflora, but the size of the changes varies and depends on many variables. Therefore, the researchers concluded that the compounds found in black chokeberry play a pivotal role in maintaining the overall balance within the system. This is a crucial consideration given the tendency for disturbances in organismal homeostasis to accompany disease processes and various disorders. However, further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms and optimize its use fully.

The aim of this randomized, controlled trial was to investigate effects of breakfast high or low in protein on body composition and cardiometabolic markers in young women with overweight. In total, 56 women aged 18-30 years consumed a breakfast containing either high-protein (HP, 34 g protein, n= 26) or low-protein (LP, 6 g protein, n=30) for 12 weeks. Measurements of body composition by DXA, waist circumference, glucose tolerance, and fasting glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were performed before and after this period. The primary outcome was fat mass. Satiety and hunger were evaluated by self-reported VAS-scores. Dietary intake was estimated by 4-day dietary records, and calcium intake was estimated by food frequency questionnaires. At baseline, relative daily protein intake was 15.2±2.8 E%, which increased to 19.3±3.4 E% in HP but was unchanged in LP (P<0.001 between groups). HP reported higher satiety compared to LP (P=0.02). Yet, no group differences were observed in changes in energy intake, body composition, blood lipid profile, or measures of glucose tolerance (all P>0.10). However, bone mineral content tended to increase in HP (P=0.05) and decrease in LP (P=0.07, interaction effect: P=0.01). Conclusively, a high versus low content of protein in breakfast increased satiety but did not affect body composition or cardiometabolic markers in young women with overweight. This study adds to the sparse evidence on effects of breakfast with different macro-nutrient compositions on health parameters in women with overweight. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04518605.

Propolis, as a by-product of honey production, has shown several beneficial effects on cardiovascular risks in past randomised controlled trials, although the findings are not conclusive. In this review, we intend to evaluate the effects of propolis consumption on cardiovascular risk factors by conducting a meta-analysis. The Web of Science, Medline and Scopus databases were comprehensively searched until September 2023. Eligible studies were identified by screening, and their data were extracted. Weighted mean differences with a 95 % CI for each outcome were estimated using the random-effects model. This meta-analysis revealed that propolis consumption led to a significant decrease in the levels of TAG (weighted mean differences (WMD): -10·44 mg/dl 95 % CI: -16·58, -4·31; = 0·001), LDL-cholesterol (WMD: -9·31 mg/dl; 95 % CI: -13·50, -5·12 mg; < 0·001), fasting blood glucose (WMD: -7·30 mg/dl; 95 % CI: -11·58, -3·02; = 0·001), HbA1c (WMD: -0·32 %; 95 % CI: -0·60, -0·05; = 0·01), insulin (WMD: -1·36 μU/ml; 95 % CI: -2·36, -0·36; = 0·007), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (WMD: -0·39; 95 % CI: -0·74, -0·03; = 0·020) and systolic blood pressure (WMD: -2·24 mmHg 95 % CI: -4·08, -0·39; = 0·010), compared with the control groups. Furthermore, propolis consumption had a significant increasing effect on HDL-cholesterol levels (WMD: 2·03 mg/dl; 95 % CI: 0·24, 3·83; = 0·020). In contrast, the consumption of propolis had no significant effect on total cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure levels. This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis suggested that propolis intake may be effective in cardiometabolic improvement in adults. Further, well-designed studies are required to confirm and elucidate all aspects of these findings.

The present study investigated whether dietary -3 very-long-chain PUFAs (-3 VLC-PUFAs) could increase skin and bone mineralization in Atlantic salmon () and examined their potential effects on human osteoblast proliferation and differentiation . Atlantic salmon were fed different dietary levels of -3 VLC-PUFA, and changes in tissue -3 VLC-PUFA composition, skeletal morphology, skin and bone mineral content, bone mineral density (BMD), and gene expression patterns were examined. Additionally, experiments using human foetal osteoblast cells were conducted to investigate the potential influence of -3 VLC-PUFA supplementation on cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and cytokine expression. The results demonstrated that increasing the dietary levels of -3 VLC-PUFAs increased the mineral content of vertebrae and BMD in salmon, with subtle yet significant impacts on the expression of genes involved in bone-related processes. Furthermore, experiments showed a potential contextual influence of -3 VLC-PUFA supplementation on gene expression of osteogenic markers and cytokine expression. Our findings indicate for the first time that -3 VLC-PUFAs may influence processes related to bone mineralization.

Liver has multiple functions such as detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage. Folate is a water-soluble vitamin B9, which participates in one-carbon transfer reactions, maintains methylation capacity, and improves oxidative stress. Folic acid is a synthetic form commonly used as a dietary supplement. The liver is the main organ for storing and metabolizing folate/folic acid, and the role of folate/folic acid in liver diseases has been widely studied. Deficiency of folate results in methylation capacity dysfunction and can induce liver disorders. However, adverse effects of excessive use of folic acid on the liver have also been reported. This review aims to explore the mechanism of folate/folic acid in different liver diseases, promote further research on folate/folic acid, and contribute to its rational clinical application.

Dietary Mn intake may have a beneficial effect in reducing cancer risk; however, its association with thyroid cancer (TC) risk remains inadequately understood. Additionally, Mn was associated with inflammation markers. Thus, we examined whether dietary Mn intake emerges a protective role against TC and whether this preventative effect has an interaction with rs3917225. The prospective study was designed at National Cancer Center in Korea between October 2007 and December 2020 including 17 754 participants. We identified TC cases by following participants until December 2020. Mn intake was collected using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ). Genotyping was performed to determine rs3917225. The hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated with a Cox proportional hazards model. We ascertained 108 incident TC cases throughout follow-up duration. Dietary Mn intake was found to be inversely associated with TC risk (HR (95 % CI)=0·64 (0·44, 0·95)). However, rs3917225 seemed to modify this association; the protective effect was limited to G-allele carriers (HR = 0·30 (0·11, 0·86), interaction=0·028). A higher dietary Mn was suggested to be a protective factor against TC. Additionally, we drew a potential biological interaction between Mn intake and rs3917225 with a greater effect among individuals with a minor allele. This implies that when considering the cancer-preventive role of Mn, it is important to account for the influence of inflammatory gene participation.

This scoping review aimed to evaluate the effect of exercise combined with vitamin D supplementation on skeletal muscle health in older individuals. We implemented a systematic search of electronic databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase, was conducted from the time of library construction to January 2024. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including men and women aged 65 years or mean age 65 years; exercise training and vitamin D supplementation; outcomes of muscular strength, function, muscular power, body composition, and quality of life; and results compared with those of exercise intervention alone. The results showed 13 studies including 1483 participants were identified. The proportions of male and female sex were 22.05% and 77.95%, respectively. Exercise intervention methods included resistance exercises and multimodal exercise training. All vitamin D interventions involved supplementation with vitamin D. A significant increase was identified in short physical performance battery (SPPB) and stair climbing but not in skeletal muscle mass, skeletal strength, the timed up and go (TUG) test, and gait speed in older adults after exercise combined with vitamin D supplementation. In conclusion，exercise combined with vitamin D supplementation has additive health effects on SPPB and stair climbing. Furthermore, when vitamin D was deficient at baseline, the combined effect of exercise and vitamin D intervention significantly increased the TUG and gait speed in older adults. In future RCTs on this topic, baseline vitamin D nutritional status, health condition, and sex should be considered.

Beyond obesity, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has emerged as an important predictor of chronic disease, but the role of diet quality patterns (DQP) in VAT development is not well defined. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of how various DQP are associated with VAT via literature searches in PubMed and EMBASE. We included observational investigations in disease-free adults/adolescents that related DQP to VAT assessed by imaging methods. The studies were evaluated separately for and DQP and according to design differences. Study quality was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions tool. Of the 1807 screened articles, thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. The majority of indices, for example, the Healthy Eating Index, showed significant inverse associations with VAT, while only a small proportion of patterns were related to VAT. Results did not differ substantially by the method of exposure and outcome assessment or between studies with ( 20) or without ( 15) body-size adjustment, but significant findings were more common in younger . older individuals, USA . other populations and investigations with moderate . serious risk of bias. The heterogeneity of the existing literature limited the ability to quantify the magnitude of the associations across studies. These findings suggest that a high-quality diet, as assessed by DQP, is generally inversely associated with VAT, but results for DQP are less consistent. As associations persisted after adjusting for body size, diet quality may beneficially influence VAT beyond its association with obesity.

Chrono-nutrition is an emerging field that examines how the frequency and timing of meals impact health. Previous research shows inconsistency in the relationship between chrono-nutritional components and cardiometabolic health. We investigated cross-sectional associations between these components and cardiometabolic health in 825 Iranian adults aged 20-59 years. Dietary data, including the number of eating occasions (EOs), meal timing, and meal irregularity of energy intake, were collected using three 24-hour dietary recalls. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and laboratory tests (fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile, insulin, uric acid, and c-reactive protein) were conducted. Insulin resistance and sensitivity (HOMA-IR, HOMA-IS), the triglyceride-glucose, the lipid accommodation product and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. The demographic and morning-evening questionnaire (MEQ) was completed. General linear regression was used to assess associations between chrono-nutritional components and outcomes. Interactions with age and BMI were examined in all associations. Chrono-nutrition components were not significantly related to cardiometabolic risk factors in the total population. However, a lower number of EOs was associated with an increased LDL/HDL-C ratio (β (95% CI): 0.26 (0.06-0.48)) among overweight and obese participants. Additionally, less irregularity in breakfast energy intake was associated with a lower total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio (-0.37 (-0.95 to -0.18)) and a lower LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (-0.32 (-0.79 to -0.13)) among participants with a normal BMI (all p < 0.05). The study concluded that more frequent meals, and regular energy intake might enhance cardiometabolic health cross-sectionally, highlighting the need for prospective studies to further investigate these associations and the mediating role of BMI.

Oxidative stress may be involved in the progression of hypothyroidism in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). Vitamin C is a well-known powerful antioxidant. To our knowledge, whether vitamin C intake relates to hypothyroidism in patients with HT remains unclear. In this cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2012, we aimed to explore the relationship between total vitamin C intake and hypothyroidism in patients with HT, using multivariate logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline analyses. Our results showed a significant negative linear association between total vitamin C intake (log10-transformed data) and hypothyroidism in HT. Compared with those with the lowest quartile of total vitamin C intake (log10-transformed), participants with the highest quartile were at lower odds of having hypothyroidism (adjusted OR 0·40, 95 % CI: 0·18, 0·88, = 0·027). This association was consistent in subgroups stratified by sex ( = 0·084) and age (≥ 60 years and < 60 years, = 0·330). This study revealed that total vitamin C intake was inversely associated with hypothyroidism among individuals with HT, indicating that higher vitamin C intakes (4·57-1258·9 mg/d) may be associated with a lower likelihood of hypothyroidism among HT participants.