Older adults with cognitive impairment are at risk of medication-taking errors. This study assessed the impact of providing medication adherence feedback to cognitively impaired older adults. Forty participants with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia had their medication adherence electronically monitored for 8 weeks. They were provided with verbal and visual feedback about their adherence results. Initial participant reactions were elicited using a Motivational Interviewing approach, and self-reported behavior changes were assessed during a follow-up interview. Quantitative analyses assessed relationships among electronically monitored and self-rated adherence, initial reactions to adherence feedback, and subsequently reported medication self-management changes. Thematic analysis determined facilitators and barriers to making self-management changes. Although self-rated adherence was high, electronic monitoring revealed that 20% of the sample had suboptimal adherence (took the recommended dose on <80% of monitored days). Fifty-three percent of the sample reported feeling surprised by their adherence results, and 45% endorsed initial motivation to change self-management behaviors. Motivated participants demonstrated worse electronically monitored adherence than unmotivated peers, and those who were surprised by their medication-taking errors expressed greater initial motivation to change. At follow-up, 50% reported having made changes, and 82.4% of them indicated that this study played a role. Facilitators of making changes included awareness of medication-taking errors and cognitive impairment, whereas barriers included lack of perceived difficulty/need. Adherence monitoring with feedback is feasible and impactful in cognitively impaired older adults. Increasing awareness of medication-taking errors fosters motivation to improve medication self-management and results in participant-reported behavior change.

Few performance validity tests exist for youth undergoing baseline testing for the management of sport-related concussion. This study provides an initial validation of a reliable span calculation from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS) subtest as a performance validity indicator for youth baseline testing (Reliable Letter-Number Span; RLNS). Youth athletes ( = 173) underwent baseline concussion testing for the management of sport-related concussion. We classified participants as valid ( = 153) or invalid performance ( = 20) based on several well-established performance validity tests. We calculated RLNS by summing the spans of alphanumeric characters across two items within the Letter-Number Sequencing subtest, similar to the Reliable Digit Span. To better determine the utility of RLNS, we also examined other novel reliable span metrics and established summary scores from the Letter-Number Sequencing as potential validity indicators. Analyses revealed excellent classification accuracy for RLNS, with an area under the curve of .88 (95% CI [.81, .96]). The optimal cutoff for RLNS (≤6) yielded .55 sensitivity and .95 specificity. Results showed similar but slightly lower classification accuracy statistics (areas under the curve of .77-.86) for the other LNS validity indicators. Initial findings support the criterion validity of RLNS as an embedded validity indicator. This measure is among the few extant performance validity tests that may be appropriate for youth baseline concussion testing. RLNS may also be appropriate for other types of pediatric evaluations. However, additional support is necessary before neuropsychologists can use RLNS clinically.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the need to continue diagnosis and treatment processes, in addition to scientific research, led to a rapid shift towards direct-to-home tele-neuropsychology administrations, the reliability and validity of which had not been clearly established then. This study, therefore, aimed to examine the reliability of direct-to-home tele-neuropsychological assessment (TNP). The sample included 105 cognitively healthy individuals aged between 50-83 years, and 47 patients diagnosed with neurocognitive disorders (mild cognitive impairment and early-stage Alzheimer's type dementia). All participants underwent both face-to-face and teleneuropsychological assessments in a counterbalanced order. The results revealed that performances across measures of attention, working memory, verbal fluency, verbal and visual memory, and visual perception were comparable across assessment modalities. Intraclass correlation coefficients of the tests ranged from .54 to .92. The findings of the study provide support for direct-to-home teleneuropsychological assessment among patients with neurocognitive disorders. Neuropsychological tests relying on verbal administration and independent of motor performance may represent a reliable alternative for this patient group when administered in settings where external distractions or technological limitations are controlled. For cognitively healthy individuals, on the other hand, the reliability of the TNP application is more questionable for memory and some executive function tests and therefore needs further exploration.

The long-term health of former athletes with a history of multiple concussions and/or repetitive head impact (RHI) exposure has been of growing interest among the public. The true proportion of dementia cases attributable to neurotrauma and the neurobehavioral profile/sequelae of multiple concussion and RHI exposure among athletes has been difficult to determine. Across three exposure paradigms (i.e. group comparisons of athletes . controls, number of prior concussions, and level of RHI exposure), this review characterizes the prevalence of neurodegenerative/neurological disease, changes in cognitive and psychiatric function, and alterations on neuroimaging. We highlight sources of variability across studies and provide suggested directions for future investigations. The most robust finding reported in the literature suggests a higher level of symptom endorsement (general, psychiatric, and cognitive) among those with a greater history of sport-related concussion from adolescence to older adulthood. Pathological processes (e.g. atrophy, tau deposition, and hypometabolism) may be more likely to occur within select regions (frontal and temporal cortices) and structures (thalamus and hippocampus). However, studies examining concussion(s) and RHI exposure with imaging outcomes have yet to identify consistent associations or evidence of a dose-response relationship or a threshold at which associations are observed. Studies have not observed a simple dose-response relationship between multiple concussions and/or RHI exposure with cognitive, psychiatric, or neurobiological outcomes, particularly at lower levels of play. The relationship between prior concussion and RHI exposure with long-term outcomes in former athletes is complex and likely influenced by -several non-injury-related factors.

Despite significant progress in understanding the factors influencing cognitive function in Parkinson's disease (PD), there is a notable gap in data representation for the Latinx population. This study aims to evaluate the contributors to and disparities in cognitive performance among Latinx patients with PD. A retrospective analysis was conducted based on cross-sectional data encompassing demographic, environmental, motor, and non-motor disease characteristics from the Latin American Research Consortium on the Genetics of PD (LARGE-PD) and the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) cohorts. Linear regression multivariable models were applied to identify variables affecting Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores, accounting for age, sex, and years of education. The analysis comprised of 3,054 PD patients (2,041 from LARGE-PD and 1,013 from PPMI) and 1,303 Latinx-controls. Latinx-PD patients (mean age 63.0 ± 11.8, 56.8% male) exhibited a significantly lower average MoCA score ( < .001) compared to white Non-Hispanic PD patients from PPMI (mean age 67.5 ± 9.9, 61.7% male). This difference persisted when comparing the Latinx-PD to the Latinx-controls (mean age 58.7 ± 9.3, 33.2% male;  < .001). Factors significantly associated with better MoCA scores in Latinx-PD included unilateral symptom onset ( = .009), and higher educational attainment ( < .001). Conversely, those associated with worse scores included the use of dopamine agonists ( = .01), previous tobacco use ( = .01), older age ( < .001), and a higher Hoehn and Yahr scale score ( < .001). Latinx-PD patients demonstrated significantly lower cognitive scores compared to their white non-Hispanic PD counterparts and Latinx-controls. These results highlight the importance of interpreting MoCA scores in a nuanced manner within diverse populations.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with structural and functional brain changes and cognitive impairment in sleep clinic samples. Persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at increased risk of OSA compared to community samples, and many experience chronic cognitive disability. However, the impact of OSA on cognitive outcome after TBI is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between polysomnographic sleep parameters on neuropsychological performance 2 years following TBI. We hypothesized that oxygen desaturation, sleep fragmentation, and sleep depth would predict neuropsychological performance. Participants ( = 123) were persons with moderate-to-severe TBI who underwent Type 1 Polysomnography during acute neurorehabilitation. At 2 years post-TBI, participants completed telephone-based neuropsychological testing (the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone). General linear models were fit to investigate the relationship between sleep parameters and neuropsychological performance, controlling for demographics and posttraumatic amnesia. When controlling for demographics, injury characteristics, and other sleep parameters, greater percent of Stage 1 sleep time predicted poorer cognitive performance (Overall BTACT composite,  = 0.0078, η2 = 6.6%; Verbal Memory composite,  = 0.0407, η2 = 3.9%; Executive Function composite,  = 0.0215, η2 = 4.9%). Oxygen desaturation, cortical arousals, Stage 3 sleep, and the obstructive apnea-hypopnea index were not significantly associated with cognitive outcome. Reduced sleep depth was associated with cognitive outcome in persons with TBI; these findings require replication. Future research should examine whether improving sleep (e.g. increasing deep sleep) during acute recovery can improve cognitive recovery following TBI.

 Cognitive impairment is a core feature of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES), the putative clinical syndrome of chronic traumatic encephalopathy-a neuropathological disease associated with repetitive head impacts (RHI). Careful operationalization of cognitive impairment is essential to improving the diagnostic specificity and accuracy of TES criteria. We compared single- versus two-test criteria for cognitive impairment in their associations with CSF and imaging biomarkers in male former American football players.  169 participants from the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project completed neuropsychological tests of memory and executive functioning. Cognitive impairment was identified by single-test criteria (≤-1.5 on one test) and two-test criteria (<-1 on two tests within a domain). ANCOVAs adjusting for age, race, education, body mass index, word-reading score, and APOE ε4 status assessed whether single- or two-test criteria predicted CSF markers (Aβ, p-tau, p-tau/Aβ, total tau, neurofilament light [NfL], glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]) and MRI markers (hippocampal volume, cortical thickness, white matter hyperintensities). Ninety-nine participants met single-test criteria for cognitive impairment. Sixty-six met two-test criteria. Participants who met two-test criteria had greater exposure to RHI than those who did not (=.04). Two-test criteria were -associated with higher CSF p-tau/Aβ (=.02) and CSF NfL (=.02). The association between two-test criteria and CSF NfL remained after excluding amyloid-positive participants (=.04). Single-test criteria were not associated with any biomarkers ('s>.05).  Two-test but not single-test criteria for cognitive impairment were associated with markers of neurodegeneration. Future clinical research in TES may benefit from applying two-test criteria to operationalize cognitive impairment.

The long-recognized association of brain injury with increased risk of dementia has undergone significant refinement and more detailed study in recent decades. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a specific neurodegenerative tauopathy related to prior exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHI). We aim to contextualize CTE within a historical perspective and among emerging data which highlights the scientific and conceptual evolution of CTE-related research in parallel with the broader field of neurodegenerative disease and dementia.

: We conducted a project to manage a high volume of referrals to pediatric neuropsychology. We aimed to manage referrals for children and adolescents without known medical risk factors. We proposed that a clinical neurodevelopmental interview conducted telehealth would reduce the number of patients on the waitlist and identify those who do not need neuropsychological evaluation. : We conducted clinical neurodevelopmental interviews telehealth to assess patients' need and urgency for neuropsychological testing. These patients had no or unclear risk factors and non-specific concerns with learning, attention, and/or behavior. We monitored our waitlist over a 2-year period to determine if this service could reduce our waitlist. We measured the time to initial consultation before and after this new service. We surveyed referring providers to assess their satisfaction of this service. : Using this new triage consultation service, we found that 1 in 4 children did not require a neuropsychological evaluation. This reduced our waitlist by about 5 months, even while we had an increase in referrals during the same period. After implementation, patients were seen for consultation within a month of the referral. Referring providers were generally satisfied with this service. : Implementing telehealth clinical interviews was effective in triaging healthy children with non-specific learning, attention, and/or behavior concerns. This new service effectively reduced our waitlist and offered quick access to neuropsychological consultation and recommendations. Referring providers appreciated efforts to increase access to pediatric neuropsychology services for those who were anticipated to benefit the most from such services.

To introduce ABBA Letter Alternation (ABBA) as a computerized measure of response inhibition/response alternation developed for telehealth following restrictions of in-person testing due to COVID-19. ABBA consists of two PowerPoint-administered trials: Letter Reading of 25 capital As or Bs individually presented, and Letter Alternation with instructions to say the opposite letter to what is presented. We obtained initial normative ABBA performance from 899 healthy research volunteers participating in the Emory Healthy Brain Study (EHBS) with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores 24/30 and higher. Cutpoints derived from the EHBS sample were applied to a series of 32 Parkinson disease (PD) patients being evaluated for deep brain stimulation to provide preliminary clinical validation. Trail Making B (TMT B) was also examined in both groups. 775 (86.2%) EHBS participants made 0-1 ABBA Letter Alternation errors, 58 (6.5%) EHBS participants had 2 ABBA alternation errors, and 66 (7.3%) made 3+ errors. Applying these thresholds to PD patients, 22 (68.8%) made 0-1 alternation errors, 3 PD (9.4%) patients made 2 errors, and 7 PD subjects (21.8%) made 3+ errors, which significantly differed in frequency from the EHBS group (=9.8, =.007). EHBS vs. PD differed on MoCA, a medium effect (<.00001; .076), and on TMT B (<.00001; .158), which is considered a large effect. These results provide initial support for ABBA Letter Alternation as a response inhibition/response alternation. Application in larger clinical samples, in both telehealth and face-to-face settings, will be needed to more fully establish ABBA's clinical utility.

Exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHI), such as those experienced in American football, is linked to cognitive dysfunction later in life. Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) is a proposed clinical syndrome thought to be linked to neuropath-ology of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a condition associated with RHI from football. Cognitive intra-individual variability (d-CIIV) measures test-score dispersion, indicating cognitive dysfunction. This study examined d-CIIV in former football players and its associations with TES diagnosis, RHI exposure, and DTI and CSF biomarkers. Data included 237 males (45-74 years) from DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project, including former professional and college football players (COL) ( = 173) and asymptomatic men without RHI or TBI ( = 55). Participants completed neuropsychological tests. TES diagnosis was based on 2021 NINDS TES criteria. Years of football play and a cumulative head impact index (CHII) measured RHI exposure. Lumipulse technology was used for CSF assays. DTI fractional anisotropy assessed white matter integrity. Coefficient of variation (CoV) measured d-CIIV. ANCOVA compared d-CIIV among groups (football versus control; TES-status). Pearson correlations and linear regressions tested associations between d-CIIV, RHI exposure, and CSF and DTI biomarkers. Former professional players had higher d-CIIV than controls (F(7, 194) = 2.87,  = .007). d-CIIV was associated with TES diagnosis (F(8, 146) = 9.063,  < .001), with highest d-CIIV in TES Possible/Probable-CTE. Higher d-CIIV correlated with higher CHII scores ( = 0.19), reduced CSF Aβ ( = -0.302), increased p-tau (= 0.374), and reduced DTI FA ( = -0.202). d-CIIV is linked to RHI exposure and TES diagnosis in former football players, with associated changes in CSF biomarkers and white matter integrity.

Advanced algorithmic methods may improve the assessment of performance validity during neuropsychological testing. This study investigated whether unsupervised machine learning (ML) could serve as one such method. Participants were 359 adult outpatients who underwent a neuropsychological evaluation for various referral reasons. Data relating to participants' performance validity test scores, medical and psychiatric history, referral reason, litigation status, and disability status were examined in an unsupervised ML model. The model was programmed to synthesize the data into an unspecified number of clusters, which were then compared to predetermined ratings of whether patients had valid or invalid test performance. Ratings were established according to multiple empirical performance validity test scores. To further understand the model, we examined which data were most helpful in its clustering decision-making process. Similar to the clinical determination of patients' performance on neuropsychological testing, the model identified a two-cluster profile consisting of valid and invalid data. The model demonstrated excellent predictive accuracy (area under the curve of .92 [95% CI .88, .97]) when referenced against participants' predetermined validity status. Performance validity test scores were the most influential in the differentiation of clusters, but medical history, referral reason, and disability status were also contributory. These findings serve as a proof of concept that unsupervised ML can accurately assess performance validity using various data obtained during a neuropsychological evaluation. The manner in which unsupervised ML evaluates such data may circumvent some of the limitations with traditional validity assessment approaches. Importantly, unsupervised ML is adaptable to emerging digital technologies within neuropsychology that can be used to further improve the assessment of performance validity.

As the field of neuropsychology continues expanding efforts to better recruit providers and serve individuals from diverse populations, understanding the training and practice experiences of neuropsychologists from diverse backgrounds is crucial. Given the diversity of Asian populations, the experiences of Asian neuropsychologists offer a unique opportunity to reflect on the progress made in addressing issues related to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). This information will help address challenges related to education, training, and clinical practice, particularly in meeting growing demands for neuropsychological evaluations among Asian populations and addressing unique challenges. Survey data from 69 Asian neuropsychologists encompassed demographic factors, educational background, clinical duties, research focuses, and advocacy/leadership work. Information regarding experiences of discrimination, barriers, and gaps was also gathered. Asian neuropsychologists are a diverse group comprising South, Southeast, and East Asian communities with various levels of bilingualism. Clinical and training experiences span a spectrum of settings, programs, and responsibilities, though notably, there are still many gaps. Our sample endorsed experiences of discrimination associated with institutional, systemic, and social barriers (e.g. absence of training opportunities, unfair wages) as well as more general barriers in neuropsychology. This study overviews Asian neuropsychologists' demographic background, training, and practice experiences. Despite progress in the field's growing recognition and understanding of Asian neuropsychology, there remain unique experiences, challenges, and needs that are not well understood or addressed. Understanding these experiences and insights is essential for enhancing culturally sensitive neuropsychological services for individuals of Asian descent worldwide and advancing DEI efforts.

: This study explored the relationship between concussion history and cognition/mood in former collegiate athletes in middle-to-later adulthood. : 407 former collegiate athletes aged 50+ ( = 61.4; 62.7% male) participated in the College Level Aging AThlete Study (CLEAATS) and completed the Cognitive Function Instrument (CFI), 40-item Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-40), PHQ-8, GAD-7, and self-report questionnaires, including concussion history. Kruskal-Wallis tests assessed for differences among groups based on concussion history (0, 1-2, 3-4, 5+ concussions). Hierarchical multiple regressions including demographic factors as covariates examined relationships between concussion history, emotional symptoms, and subjective/objective cognition. : Participants with 5+ concussions reported significantly greater subjective cognitive concerns and depressive symptoms than other concussion groups, but no differences were found in objective cognition. Hierarchical regression revealed concussion history and emotional symptoms explained 29% and 15% of the variance in subjective and objective cognition, respectively. The number of concussions accounted for unique variance in subjective cognition but was not significantly associated when mood symptoms were added to the model. Neither diagnosed concussions nor emotional symptoms were associated with objective cognition. : When accounting for concussion history, those with 5+ concussions reported greater subjective cognitive symptoms than those with 0-2 concussions, and greater depressive symptoms than those with 0 concussions. Concussion history was not significantly related to subjective cognition when compared to mood, and concussion history and mood symptoms were not associated with objective cognition. Results highlight the importance of considering mood symptoms when evaluating the relationship between concussion history and cognition in former athletes.

People with functional seizures (FS) have frequent and disabling cognitive dysfunction and mental health symptoms, with low quality of life. However, interrelationships among these constructs are poorly understood. In this meta-analysis, we examined associations between objective (i.e. performance-based) cognitive testing and self-reported (i) mental health, (ii) cognition, and (iii) quality of life in FS. : We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, with the final search on June 10, 2024. Inclusion criteria were studies documenting relationships between objective cognitive test scores and self-reported (i.e. subjective) mental health, cognition, and/or quality of life in adults with FS. Exclusion criteria were mixed FS/epilepsy samples. A modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale evaluated risk of bias. This project is registered as CRD42023392385 in PROSPERO. : Initially, 4,054 unique reports were identified, with the final sample including 24 articles of 1,173 people with FS. Mean age was 35.9 (SD = 3.9), mean education was 12.6 (SD = 1.3), and proportion of women was 73.9%. Risk of bias was moderate, due in part to inconsistent reporting of confounding demographic variables. Significant relationships were found between global objective cognition and global self-reported mental health ( = 21, Z = -0.23 [0.04], 95% CI = -0.30, -0.16), depression ( = 11, Z = -0.13 [0.05], 95% CI = -0.21, -0.04), cognition ( = 5, Z = -0.16 [0.05], 95% CI = -0.26, -0.06), and quality of life ( = 5, Z = -0.17 [0.05], 95% CI = -0.24, -0.10). Exploratory analyses showed associations between select cognitive and mental health constructs. : Objective cognition is reliably associated with self-reported mental health, cognition, and quality of life in people with FS. Scientific and clinical implications are discussed.

The purpose of this review is to summarize the long-term cognitive, psychological, fluid biomarker, and neuroimaging outcomes following repetitive concussive and subconcussive blast exposures sustained through a military career. A review of the literature was conducted, with 450 manuscripts originally identified and 44 manuscripts ultimately included in the review. The most robust studies investigating how repetitive concussive and subconcussive exposures related to cognitive performance suggest there is no meaningful impact. Although there are minimal studies that suggest some small impacts on neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers, most findings have been in very small samples and fail to replicate. Both repetitive blast mTBI and subconcussive blasts appeared to be associated with increased self-reported symptoms. Many of the studies suffered from small sample size, failure to correct for multiple comparisons, and inappropriate control groups. Overall, there is little evidence to support that repetitive blast mTBIs or subconcussive blast exposures have a lasting impact on cognition, neuroimaging, or fluid biomarkers. In contrast, there does appear to be a relationship between these exposures and self-reported psychological functioning, though it is unclear what mechanism drives this relationship. Small sample size, lack of correction for multiple comparisons, limited control groups, lack of consideration of important covariates, limited diversity of samples, and lack of reliable and valid measures for assessment of blast exposure are major limitations restricting this research. Patients should be encouraged that while research is ongoing, there is little to currently suggest long-term cognitive or neurological damage following repetitive blast exposure.

To determine the clinical utility of teleneuropsychology (teleNP) services in screening for cognitive concerns in a population of children and adolescents presenting with long COVID. This cross-sectional study evaluated 76 pediatric patients (64% female, = 13.48,  = 2.97, range = 5 to 18 years) with long COVID referred for a neuropsychological evaluation due to persistent cognitive symptoms following their COVID infection. Of these 76 patients, 33 were tested in person, while 43 were tested via teleNP at home. Patients were administered a brief testing battery designed for use in-person or through teleNP services. Tests administered included the WASI-II (Intellectual Functioning), D-KEFS Verbal Fluency (Executive Functioning/Shifting), Oral Version of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (Processing Speed), ChAMP List (Learning and Memory), WAIS-IV/WISC-V Digit Span (Working Memory), and TEA-Ch Score and Score DT (Sustained Auditory Attention and Divided Attention). Differences in scores between those evaluated in-person or teleNP were computed using analyses of variance and Bayesian statistics across measures. Differences in the proportion of those scoring in the below average range (< 9 percentile) were also computed. Findings revealed similar performance for patients tested in-person and patients tested by teleNP modality across measures. The present study provides preliminary evidence for the clinical utility of teleNP services in pediatric long COVID patients on a cognitive screening battery. These results lend support for expanding teleNP services to pediatric patients with long COVID to assess neurocognitive functioning, which is particularly important given scarcity of specialty long COVID clinics.

 Theory of Mind (ToM) disturbances are recognized as a hallmark of several neurological conditions including multiple sclerosis (MS). People with MS show lower ToM competencies compared to healthy controls (HC) from the earliest stages of the disease. However, the nature of this disturbance is still under investigation. The aims of this study were 1) to explore ToM competencies in people with MS using a single task (the Yoni-48) considering both accuracy and time efficiency according to a multi-level (first- and second-order) and multi-component (affective and cognitive) approach, and 2) to investigate the relationship between ToM and other neurocognitive functions in people with MS. Seventy-seven participants underwent an individual evaluation session to investigate their ToM profile and associated neurocognitive domains (short-term and working memory, and executive functioning).  As expected, the comparison between the two groups (MS vs HC) on ToM performance showed a selective decline of accuracy for the second-order level (Cohen's d = 0.46) and the affective (Cohen's d = 0.57) components of ToM, and a pathological reduction in ToM time efficiency in people with MS (Cohen's d > 0.50). Moreover, a link between executive function, memory, and ToM was found. Our results highlight a double-sided selective decline of high levels and affective components of ToM in people with MS, and a broad involvement of time efficiency. These findings provide insights into the contribution of efficiency and automaticity of mental state reasoning in this pathology, suggesting the role of compensation strategies in maintaining adequate performance during social interactions.

The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is a classic test used to assess episodic verbal memory in research and clinical practice. We aimed to adapt the RAVLT materials into Russian, provide performance norms across the adult lifespan for the Russian adaptation, and develop a mobile application for automated RAVLT administration across languages. We created three psycholinguistically matched alternative versions of the RAVLT materials in Russian and incorporated them into a new tablet application. We tested 354 neurologically healthy 21-to-89-year-old Russian speakers, modeled their performance using multivariate multiple regression, and calculated demographically adjusted norms. We also tested the equivalence of performance across the three alternative Russian versions and between the pen-and-paper and digital form. Performance across three alternative versions and between the pen-and-paper and digital form was equivalent, although test-retest reliability measured via intraclass correlation coefficients was limited. Older age, male gender and fewer years of education were associated with lower performance on both raw trial scores ( = .515) and composite scores ( = .961). Demographically adjusted norms are now available in a paper form and as part of the application. The new RAVLT adaptation can be used to assess verbal memory in Russian-speaking adults, serving their clinical needs and diversifying research on verbal memory. The equivalent alternative versions can serve for repeated testing in longitudinal designs. The tablet application, with automated administration and scoring, makes the test more accessible to patients and allows to incorporate multiple language versions.

: While it is generally assumed that common neurobehavioral assessments, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV), function similarly in clinical and non-clinical populations, this has not been validated in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). In this study, we examined the latent factor structure of the WAIS-IV in adults with d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) who participated in the Boston Circulatory Arrest Study. : The WAIS-IV was administered as part of a larger assessment battery. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to fit one-, two-, and four-factor models of general cognitive ability, as well as a second order Full Scale IQ factor, as published in the WAIS-IV manual. : Eighty-seven adults with d-TGA were assessed. The four-factor model and second-order models both fit the data well, with all subtests loading significantly and in expected directions onto four latent factors (Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, Processing Speed), similar to the normative population. : Among adults with d-TGA, the latent factor structure of the WAIS-IV is similar to the normative sample, suggesting that the WAIS-IV is an appropriate tool to use in adults with d-TGA and, potentially, in other CHD subgroups.