The study examined changes in the plasma proteome, metabolome, and lipidome of N = 14 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) initiating treatment with ocrelizumab, assayed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Analyses of >4000 circulating biomarkers identified depletion of B-cell associated proteins as the early effect observed following ocrelizumab (OCR) initiation, accompanied by the reduction in plasma abundance of cytokines and cytotoxic proteins, markers of neuronaxonal damage, and biologically active lipids including ceramides and lysophospholipids, at 6 months. B-cell depletion was accompanied by decreases in B-cell receptor and cytokine signaling but a pronounced increase in circulating plasma B-cell activating factor (BAFF). This was followed by an upregulation of a number of signaling and metabolic pathways at 12 months. Patients with higher baseline brain MRI lesion load demonstrated both higher levels of cytotoxic and structural proteins in plasma at baseline and more pronounced biomarker change trajectories over time. Digital cytometry identified a putative increase in myeloid cells and a pro-inflammatory subset of T-cells. Therapeutic effects of ocrelizumab extend beyond CD20-mediated B-cell lysis and implicate metabolic reprogramming, juxtaposing the early normalization of immune activation, cytokine signaling and metabolite and lipid turnover in periphery with changes in the dynamics of immune cell activation or composition. We identify BAFF increase following CD20 depletion as a tentative compensatory mechanism that contributes to the reconstitution of targeted B-cells, necessitating further research.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is one of the sample prion diseases that have characteristic features of rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease manifested by psychomotor changes, some of which include cognitive dysfunction, motor disorder, and behavioral abnormalities. In general, this brief review will assist in elucidating the clinical features and onset, causes, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic possibilities of CJD. It is classified into sporadic, hereditary, and acquired forms, and affection is identified as linked to the different prion varieties and genetic profiles. The disease process of CJD consists of the deposition of misfolded prions in the brain that causes apoptosis and the subsequent morphological features in the form of spongiform changes. Diagnostic strategies have changed; presently, one can see imaging methods, diagnosis through CSF biomarkers, and genetic-based diagnosis. At this time, there is no cure for CJD; therefore, management and treatment aim at supporting the patient and alleviating the signs and symptoms of the disease. As per our discussion, this review sought to accustom the readers with recent studies conducted, diagnostic advancements, and probable therapeutic approaches, pointing to the general index that more research is needed to fight CJD.

Detecting cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is challenging due to diverse manifestations and outdated diagnostic criteria. Cognitive screening tools, as Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), are adopted worldwide, but despite several cutoffs has been proposed for PD, no consensus has been reached, hindered by limited sample sizes, lack of validation, and inconsistent age- and education-adjustments.

Late-onset cerebellar ataxia (LOCA) is a slowly progressive cerebellar disorder with symptom onset ≥30years of age. Intronic tandem repeat expansions (TREs) in RFC1 and FGF14 have recently emerged as common causes of LOCA. The relative contribution of classic vs. newly discovered TREs has not been systematically investigated in LOCA cohorts.

Black populations show increased incidences of diagnosis, worse disease severity, and earlier likelihood of mortality due to MS. Clinical outcomes are also linked to biological sex and as with Black individuals, MS characteristics between sexes have also shifted overtime. This study examined whether clinical disease progression differed by race and sex for patients with MS.

Current diagnosis and monitoring of Parkinson's disease (PD) is based on subjective clinical assessments. Objective measures of motor functioning could support clinical acumen. Computer vision (CV) technology is a promising contactless technique but requires further validation.

The prognosis for functional recovery is crucial for discharge planning, optimizing healthcare resources and improving recovery chances. Prediction tools are key but must be usable from the beginning of rehabilitation and easy to use in clinical routine. Simple mobility milestones have shown predictive potential for stroke recovery. This study aims to identify the most efficient milestones for predicting the severity level of stroke patients' mobility at an early stage of recovery.

Subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) treated with Radicava® (edaravone) IV (intravenous; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America [MTPA], hereafter "MTPA IV edaravone") in Study MCI186-19 had a significantly slower physical functional decline vs placebo-treated subjects as measured by the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) and analyzed by the linear mixed model for repeated measures (MMRM). This Study 19 post hoc analysis of MTPA IV edaravone-treated and placebo-treated subjects evaluated linear and nonlinear latent class mixed models defining trajectories based on identifying the model with the lowest Bayesian information criterion. The best model differentiated 4 nonlinear trajectories in ALS subjects. ALSFRS-R total score in MTPA IV edaravone-treated and placebo-treated subjects was evaluated for these 4 nonlinear latent class trajectory groups.

The clock drawing test (CDT) is a widely recognized neurocognitive test for executive and visuospatial functions. However, no normative data exist for Generation Z young adults (born on or after 1997). The widespread use of digital displays among this generation may impair performance on the analog CDT.

Diagnosing autoimmune limbic encephalitis (ALE) in adults with new-onset seizures can be challenging, especially when seizures represent the predominant manifestation and MRI findings are not straightforward. By comparison with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS), this study aimed to identify ictal electro-clinical features that might help clinicians recognize ALE-related seizures.

Long COVID, also known as Post COVID-19 condition by the World Health Organization or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is defined as the development of symptoms such as post-exertional malaise, dysgeusia, and partial or full anosmia three months after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. The multisystem effects of PASC make it difficult to distinguish from its mimickers. Further, a comprehensive evaluation of the gut microbiome, nutrition, and PASC has yet to be studied. The gut-brain axis describes bidirectional immune, neural, endocrine, and humoral modulatory interactions between the gut microbiome and brain function. We explore recent studies that support an association between alterations in gut microbiome diversity and the severity of acute-phase COVID-19, and how these may be affected by diets rich in antioxidants and fiber. The Mediterranean Diet (MeDi) has demonstrated promising neuroprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory processes. Further, diets rich in fiber increase gut diversity and increase the amount of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) within the body-both shown to protect from acute COVID-19 complications. Long-term changes to the gut microbiome persist after acute infection and may increase susceptibility to PASC. This study builds on existing knowledge of determinants of PASC and highlights a relationship between nutrition, gut microbiome, acute-phase COVID-19, and, subsequently, PASC susceptibility.

Tau PET is being increasingly appraised as a novel diagnostic modality for dementia work up. Given limited data among South Asians, we assessed the frequency, patterns, phenotypic associations and incremental value of positive Tau PET scans in clinically diagnosed neurodegenerative dementia.

To compare functional outcomes and help differentiate between important causative agents of acute infectious encephalitis in adults, focusing on West Nile virus encephalitis (WNVE).

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal damage. Emerging biomarkers, such as serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP), and growth differentiation factor-15 (sGDF-15), are currently being studied for their potential use in this disease.

Anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA)-positive myositis is a chronic disease characterized by skeletal muscle atrophy and is associated with cardiac complications and restrictive ventilatory impairment. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, rate of organ complications, and prognostic risk factors of AMA-positive myositis.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics and diagnosis of pediatric stroke, emphasizing the importance of early recognition and accurate assessment. Pediatric stroke is a complex condition with diverse etiologies, and its timely diagnosis is critical for initiating appropriate interventions and improving clinical outcomes.

Rapid EEG devices (REDs) have demonstrated substantial benefit regarding reduced time to performance of study and diagnosis in cases where urgent EEG is needed to evaluate patients for potentially revealing nonconvulsive status epilepticus and seizures. However, urgent EEG is also important in identifying cases regarding the need for initiation of antiseizure medication as well as triaging the use of continuous EEG monitoring. Some forms of REDs have a reduced montage (RRME) with electrode derivations that are one-half of standard recordings. This could impact spatial resolution and therefore potentially limit recovery of epileptiform abnormalities.