Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, degenerative disease of the central nervous system. One of the most common and disabling symptoms is fatigue. More than 80% of people with MS experience fatigue, which has a negative impact on their quality of life and level of independence in daily activities. The multidimensional nature of fatigue makes it essential to understand its impact from the patient's perspective. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs), defined by the FDA as "any report of a patient's health status that comes directly from the patient, without interpretation of the patient's response by the physician or other health care professional," were created to address this need.

MOGAD encephalitis and ADEM share several clinical features with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) associated with antineuronal antibodies (ANeA); nonetheless, treatment and prognosis differ. Anti-MOG antibodies (abs) are not routinely tested in possible AE, and epidemiological studies on MOGAD encephalitis are scarce.

Recently, biological definitions in Alzheimer´s disease (AD) and Parkinson´s disease (PD) have been proposed, where clinical descriptors such as "dementia" or "parkinsonism" lost the spotlight. Similar changes are in the horizon in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, in MS there is no single molecule (like amyloid) to call the main driver of MS pathogenesis. In fact, there has not been a historically steady candidate. Decades ago T-cells were thought to be paramount, then brain atrophy, and recently the heterogeneous concept of "smoldering disease". There are no established minimal necessary and sufficient conditions for disease pathogenesis in MS. Ethical issues will be important. Technology for biological/biomarker assessments is not universally available and there is risk of overmedicalization. Groups such as the Movement Disorders Society have expressed reservations about pure biological definitions for PD. In MS, we are just in time to tackle these issues in a critical and constructive way.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for imaging disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. However, recent studies indicate that positron emission tomography (PET) may provide added value in visualizing MS disease in the future.

Physical activity is known to be vital for cardiovascular health in the general population, but there is no comprehensive review on the effectiveness of physical activity to modify cardiovascular risk in multiple sclerosis (MS). This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to synthesize the evidence regarding the effectiveness of physical activity programs on modifying traditional cardiovascular risk factors in adults with MS.

Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently relies on MRI dissemination in time (DIT) and space (DIS), as codified in 2017 McDonald criteria (McD 2017). The central vein sign (CVS) is a proposed MS diagnostic biomarker, but its optimal incorporation into McD 2017 has not been extensively studied.

This study aimed to conduct a unified analysis comparing the clinical characteristics, disease progression, and treatment responses of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS), adult-onset multiple sclerosis (AOMS), and late-onset multiple sclerosis (LOMS) patients.

Therapeutics of neuroinflammatory disorders including multiple sclerosis is one of the fastest growing areas in neurology. However, pressures on higher specialty training in neurology together with an expanding curriculum have led to challenges in adequately preparing trainees for a subspecialist career. In this study we set out to understand current perceptions and barriers to training in neuroinflammatory disorders among neurology trainees in the UK. A structured questionnaire was used to assess trainees' perspectives on training opportunities and career aspirations. Findings reveal significant gaps in training, including insufficient training opportunities, lack of mentorship, and concerns about managing complex treatment regimes. We used these findings to develop structured action points with aim of improving training and retention in this subspecialty. These include early exposure to subspecialty experiences, enhanced mentorship, and equal access to training opportunities regardless of geographical location. Our findings underscore the need for further curriculum development in neurology training, potentially combining early support with dedicated fellowships later in training, in order to ensure sustainability of neuroinflammation as a subspecialty and to meet the growing demand for expertise in MS and related conditions.

Establishing a solid resident knowledge of multiple sclerosis (MS) during neurology residency is crucial for independent clinical practice. We created a case-based and interactive educational workshop on MS with the aim of improving neurology resident clinical and theoretical knowledge of various aspects of MS diagnosis and care.

A common tool used to measure cognitive reserve is the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq). In the present study, we aimed to adapt and determine the psychometric properties (validity and intra-rater test-retest reliability) of the Hebrew version of the CRIq in a cohort of people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS).

Before disease onset, multiple sclerosis (MS) persons fill more prescriptions than controls, including for pain. However, knowledge regarding neuropathic pain-related medications is lacking OBJECTIVE: Compare odds of anticonvulsant/gabapentinoid prescriptions for 4,862 MS-cases versus 22,669 controls, pre-MS onset (defined as first demyelinating disease-related event).

Chronic pain is a challenge and major health problem to basic science and clinical practice. Pain is one of the worst symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), which has a significant impact on their quality of life. Rac1 is an important intracellular signaling molecule involved in spinal dendritic spine pathology and activation of IL-1β and TNF-α that are associated with chronic neuropathic pain. As a result, targeting Rac1 presents a promising approach to managing neuropathic pain. Clinical studies have demonstrated that physical exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy that positively influences disease progression in individuals with MS, but underlying mechanism of exercise on Rac1- induced neuropathic pain is not well understood. This study examined the effects of a 4-week strength training on Rac1 expression, IL-1B, TNF-α, TGF-β1 levels, MDA concentrations, SOD activity, dendritic spine abnormalities in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, as well as nociceptive behaviors (formalin test) and motor function (Rotarod test) during the chronic phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The findings indicated that strength training increased TGF-β1 expression and SOD activity while decreasing the expression of Rac1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MDA and reducing dendritic spine dysgenesis in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. We observed strength training effectively reduced nociceptive behaviors and improved motor function in mice with EAE. In summary, regular physical exercise may modulate neuropathic pain through inhibition of dendritic spine dysgenesis, inflammation and oxidative stress in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Hypogammaglobulinemia (HG) is a known side effect of treatment with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, and it is associated with the risk of infections.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), a central nervous system inflammatory disease associated with aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG), is conventionally treated with oral steroids and immunosuppressants (IS) in Japan. Several biologics which show great efficacy in the clinical trials have been developed recently. However, studies on their efficacy, especially those comparing them with conventional treatments in real-world situations are lacking.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system with unclear etiology involving genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. The potential link between head trauma and MS is controversial, with conflicting evidence. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to assess the risk of developing MS following head trauma.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) comprises a chronic, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory illness of the central nervous system that affects 2.8 million people worldwide. MS is only treatable, and to this direction, the disease armamentarium has been significantly enriched with new agents, albeit with burgeoning costs and engulfed by uncertainty. The scope of this review is to assess the efficiency of MS agents.

High-cost disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for multiple sclerosis (MS) have created affordability challenges for people with MS (PwMS) and payers. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is the largest integrated healthcare system in the US and uses a variety of approaches to manage utilization and cost of MS DMT. The objective of this paper is to compare national utilization trends in the VA to the US Medicare program, another large federal public healthcare program.

The measurement of neurofilament light (NFL) in blood samples has been established as a sensitive measure of neuroaxonal damage in a wide range of diseases in the peripheral and central nervous system, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies have identified confounding factors that may influence the serum concentration of NFL.

The gut microbiome is a potential therapeutic target for multiple sclerosis (MS), yet its association with disease activity remains unclear. We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate the relationship between the gut microbiome and MS disease activity, course, and disability progression.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system (CNS) disease, which is diagnosed by a combination of clinical symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging and measurement of an increased intrathecal antibody synthesis. Genetic as well as environmental factors influence onset of the disease, where especially Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is directly involved in MS development. In this open retrospective study, we aimed to elaborate whether various serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-based EBV antibody indices may aid in the diagnosis of MS.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) diagnosis can be challenging, especially in populations where the disease is rare. In Brazil, the average prevalence is 14/100,000 inhabitants, lower than the worldwide. Early treatment initiation can markedly reduce disease activity and accumulation of disability. Therefore, delayed diagnosis and access to disease modifying therapy (DMT) can have a negative impact on the course of MS.