Recently, we developed AT101, an IgM-class mouse monoclonal antibody directed against glypican-1 (GPC1), a proteoglycan that can be considered as useful target for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment being specifically and highly expressed on GBM cell surface. Here, we proposed the use of AT101 as targeting agent in a drug delivery nanoplatfom to effectively deliver chitosan nanobubbles (NBs) for GBM treatment.

A crucial aspect of contemporary dental implant research is modifying implant microdesign to achieve early and robust osseointegration. This study describes a new facile subtraction approach for microdesign modification of titanium implants using akali-hydrothermal followed by ion-exchange reaction (AHIE) in a salt solution, and compares osseointegration performance to machined titanium alloy (negative control) implants.

The treatment of cancer has become a profoundly intricate procedure. Traditional treatment methods, including chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy, have been utilized, while notable progress has been achieved in recent years. Among targeted therapies for cancer, folic acid (FA) conjugated metal-based nanoparticles (NP) have emerged as an innovative strategy, namely for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). These NP exploit the strong attraction between FA and folate receptors, which are excessively produced in several cancer cells, in order to enable precise administration and improved effectiveness of treatment. During PDT, metal-based NP functionalized with FA are used as photosensitizers which are activated by light, and produce reactive oxygen species that cause cancer cells to undergo apoptosis. Within the framework of PTT, these NP effectively transform light energy into concentrated heat, specifically targeting and destroying tumor cells. This review examines the fundamental mechanisms by which these NP improve the effectiveness of PDT and PTT while simultaneously presenting important findings that demonstrate the effectiveness of FA-functionalized MNP in laboratory and animal models. In addition, the paper also discusses the problems and potential directions for their clinical translation.

The study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of a chitosan-coated fisetin nanoformulation in an experimental Alzheimer's disease (AD) model, focusing on improving fisetin's pharmacokinetics and exploring its impact on both brain and colon pathology. AD was induced in mice by intracerebroventricular administration of Aβ. Mice were treated with either fisetin or a fisetin nanoformulation (5 mg/kg/day, orally) for 21 days. Behavioural assessments were conducted to evaluate memory impairment, motor deficits, and depression-like behaviour. Oxidative stress markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in the cortex, hippocampus and colon. The changes in cortical and hippocampal AChE levels were also recorded. Histological studies were performed on the cortex, hippocampus (dentate gyrus), and proximal colon. The fisetin nanoformulation significantly improved neurobehavioral outcomes, reducing memory impairment, motor deficits and depression-like symptoms induced by Aβ. It also decreased oxidative and nitrosative stress, along with pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the cortex, hippocampus and colon. Histological analyses revealed improved brain and colon tissue architecture after treatment with the nanoformulation. The chitosan-coated fisetin nanoformulation enhanced the neuroprotective effects of fisetin in an AD model, likely by improving its pharmacokinetic profile. The findings also suggest a potential link between colon health and Aβ-induced AD pathology, underscoring the therapeutic potential of fisetin nanoformulations in AD management.

MXene-based materials are gaining significant attention due to their exceptional properties and adaptability, leading to diverse advanced applications. In 3D printing, MXenes enhance the performance of photoblockers, photocurable inks, and composites, enabling the creation of precise, flexible and durable structures. MXene/siloxane composites offer both flexibility and resilience, while MXene/spidroin scaffolds provide excellent biocompatibility and mechanical strength, making them ideal for tissue engineering. Sustainable inks such as MXene/cellulose nano inks, alginate/MXene and MXene/emulsion underscore their role in high-performance printed materials. In cancer therapy, MXenes enable innovative photothermal and photodynamic therapies, where nanosheets generate heat and reactive oxygen species to destroy cancer cells. MXene theranostic nanoprobes combine imaging and treatment, while MXene/niobium composites support hyperthermia therapy and MXene/cellulose hydrogels allow controlled drug release. Additionally, MXene-based nanozymes enhance catalytic activity, and MXene/gold nanorods enable near-infrared-triggered drug release for noninvasive treatments. In antimicrobial applications, MXene composites enhance material durability and hygiene, providing anticorrosive protection for metals. For instance, MXene/graphene, MXene/polycaprolactone nanofibers and MXene/chitosan hydrogels exhibit significant antibacterial activity. Additionally, MXene sensors have been developed to detect antibiotic residues. MXene cryogels also promote tissue regeneration, while MXene nanohybrids facilitate photocatalytic antibacterial therapy. These advancements underscore the potential of MXenes in regenerative medicine and other fields.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by the excessive proliferation of keratinocytes, forming thickened skin plaques due to immune-mediated cytokine responses. Delivering drugs through this barrier to target inflamed tissues remains challenging. Nimbolide (NIM), known for its anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, shows promise in managing psoriasis. However, its efficacy is limited by its inability to penetrate the thickened horny layer of the skin. To overcome this obstacle, we have developed Nim-loaded niosomal (Nio) formulations (NIM Nio) aimed at improving dermal delivery and achieving localized sustained release at psoriasis-affected sites. The formulation characteristics were assessed using Zeta sizer, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimized formulation was evaluated for anti-psoriatic potential compared to Nim alone by using molecular techniques such as Confocal Microscopy, Flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blotting. NIM Nio showed effective penetration into psoriatic skin, resulting in reductions in keratinocyte hyperproliferation, oxidative stress, splenomegaly, inflammatory cytokines, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), and rete ridges compared to NIM alone. Our findings underscore the significant anti-proliferative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of NIM Nio in psoriasis, demonstrating its potential as a promising therapeutic option for this challenging condition.

This study aims to elucidate the regulatory role of extracellular vesicle (EV) release in glial cell activation, microglia-astrocyte interactions and neurological outcomes. We employed a pharmacological intervention using GW4869 to modulate EV release, investigating its impact on primary cultures of microglia and astrocytes, microglia-astrocyte interactions, neuroinflammation and behavioral changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell and animal models. We isolated the EVs from glial cells and confirmed their positivity for CD9, CD63 and CD81. Our findings demonstrate that GW4869 significantly reduced EV protein concentrations secreted by glial cells within 6-12 h. Utilizing ELISA, immunostaining and western blot analyses, we observed that treatment with GW4869 attenuated glial cell activation and inflammatory responses both and . Transwell assays indicated that controlled EV release from activated microglia and astrocytes mitigated neurotoxic reactivity in normal astrocytes and microglia, respectively. Furthermore, GW4869 administration in LPS-injected mice resulted in notable improvements in spatial memory, anxiety-like behaviors and exploratory activity compared with vehicles. Our study suggests that modulating glia-derived EV dynamics effectively reduce neuroinflammation and enhance behavioral outcomes in mice. These findings underscore the potential of targeting EV release as a novel therapeutic approach for neurological disorders.

To develop a novel nanomicelle system to target and eradicate CD133-expressing lung cancer stem cells (CSCs) while imaging lung cancer.

Global concern about Alzheimer's disease (AD) is justified by its increasingly younger onset and significant economic burden. AD leads to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline, ultimately resulting in loss of autonomy. Against this background, the field of biomedical research has seen a surge of interest in the potential of carbon-based nanomaterials, mainly due to their ease of degradation and high biocompatibility. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively studied in AD, including developing biosensors, drug delivery systems, and molecular imaging. Here, we introduced the biosafety and biodegradability of CNTs, with a particular focus on their uptake and degradation in brain tissue. The utilization of CNT in the context of AD therapy can facilitate the advancement of control approaches regimens and ensure the clinical safety of patients. This is achieved through the employment of these nanotubes as carriers for the delivery of drugs to the central nervous system (CNS), the detection of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (Ach) and monoamines, the development of biosensors and molecular imaging materials, the inhibition of Aβ formation and the detection of phosphorylated tau proteins, the promotion of CNS regeneration, and the modulation of ion-associated AD.

High grade gliomas are characterized by a very poor prognosis due to fatal relapses after surgery. Current chemotherapy is only a palliative care, while potential drug candidates are limited by poor overcoming of the blood-brain barrier.

Conventional cancer therapy has major limitations, including non-specificity, unavoidable side effects, low specific tumor accumulation and systemic toxicity. In recent years, more effective and precise treatment methods have been developed, including cell-based immunotherapy. Carriers that can accurately and specifically target cells and equip them to combat cancer cells are particularly important for developing this therapy. As a result, attention has been drawn to smart nanocarriers that can react to specific stimuli. Thus, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers have attracted increasing attention because they can change their physicochemical properties in response to stimulus conditions, such as pH, enzymes, redox agents, hypoxia, light and temperature. This review highlights recent advances in various stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, discussing loading, targeted delivery, cellular uptake, biocompatibility and immunomodulation in cell-based immunotherapy. Finally, future challenges and perspectives regarding the possible clinical translation of nanocarriers are discussed.

To treat diabetic wound healing with a novel Thymoquinone (TQ) loaded nanoformulation by using combination of essentials oils. TQ nanoemulsion (NE) was developed with seabuckthorn & lavender essential oils by phase inversion method and mixture design. Further, DIAGEL is obtained by incorporating NE into 1% carbopol934. Furthermore, particle size, polydispersity index, thermodynamic stability studies, rheology, spreadability, drug content, drug release, permeation, anti-oxidant assay, antimicrobial studies, angioirritance, HAT-CAM assay, and studies were determined. NE has a particle size of 17.79 ± 0.61 nm, 0.206 ± 0.012 PDI & found to be thermodynamically stable. DIAGEL exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, sustained drug release, better permeation of TQ and a drug content of 98.54 ± 0.08%. DIAGEL stored for 6 months at room temperature and 2-8°C showed no degradation. Further, an improved angiogenesis, absence of angio-irritancy, remarkable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against & were observed. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed nearly 2.28 -folds higher IC50 value than drug solution. Furthermore, inflammatory mediators were reduced in DIAGEL treated animal groups. The histopathological studies confirmed skin healing with regeneration and granulation of tissue. The novel formulation has strong anti-inflammatory, angiogenesis, antioxidant and appreciable diabetic wound healing properties.

The rapid evolution of mRNA vaccines, highlighted by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna's COVID-19 vaccines, has transformed vaccine development and therapeutic approaches. Self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) vaccines, a groundbreaking advancement in RNA-based vaccines, offer promising possibilities for disease prevention and treatment, including potential applications in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. This review explores the complex design and development of these innovative vaccines, with a focus on their nanoscale formulations that utilize nanotechnology to improve their delivery and effectiveness. It articulates the fundamental principles of mRNA and saRNA vaccines, their mechanisms of action, and the role of synthetic mRNA in eliciting immune responses. The review further elaborates on various nanoscale delivery systems (e.g., lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles and other nanocarriers), emphasizing their advantages in enhancing mRNA stability and cellular uptake. It addresses advanced nanoscale delivery techniques such as microfluidics and discusses the challenges in formulating mRNA and saRNA vaccines. By incorporating the latest technologies and current research, this review provides a thorough overview of recent mRNA and saRNA nanovaccines advancements, highlighting their potential to revolutionize vaccine technology and broaden clinical applications.

Graphene oxide (GO), known for its distinctive physicochemical properties, shows promise as a nanomaterial capable of combating infectious agents. This study investigates the efficacy of GO nanoparticles in restricting influenza A H1N1 replication in MDCK cells. GO nanoparticles were synthesized. After evaluating the toxicity of GO nanoparticles, the antiviral activity of the highest nontoxic concentration of GO against influenza A H1N1 in MDCK cells was studied. GO treatments resulted in substantial decreases in virus titers, as shown via hemagglutination assay, TCID50 assay and real-time PCR analysis. This study emphasizes that GO nanoparticles have a high level of effectiveness against influenza A H1N1 viruses, making them an intriguing option for various antiviral uses.

Despite progress in genetic and molecular research, which has opened up a myriad of targeted therapeutic possibilities, the compromised solubility and absorption profile of therapeutic entities restrict their passage across lipid barriers compromising efficacy. Consequently, nanoemulsions accrued significance as futuristic, safe, and effective lipid-based drug delivery systems due to their inherent array of physicochemical properties and provide exquisite bioavailability, reduced toxicity, and improved solubility of hydrophobic entities based on size and surface area. However, a pronounced gap exists in understanding and addressing challenges that arise during design and development of nanoemulsions. In this context, we have attempted to reconsider overlooked aspects of nanoemulsion design, offering insight into its commercial viability.