Oceanic islands have been recognized as natural laboratories in which to study a great variety of evolutionary processes. One such process is evolutionary radiations, the diversification of a single ancestor into a number of species that inhabit different environments and differ in the traits that allow them to exploit those environments. The factors that drive evolutionary radiations have been studied for decades in charismatic organisms such as birds or lizards, but are lacking in lichen-forming fungi, despite recent reports of some lineages showing diversification patterns congruent with radiation. Here we propose the group as a model system in which to carry out such studies. This group is currently thought to be comprised of five saxicolous species, all of them endemic to the Macaronesian region (the Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary and Cape Verde islands). Three species are single-island endemics (a rare geographic distribution pattern in lichens), whereas two are widespread and show extreme morphological variation. The latter are suspected to harbor unrecognized species-level lineages. In order to use the group as a model system it is necessary to resolve the group's phylogeny and to clarify its species boundaries. In this study we attempt to do so following an integrative taxonomy approach. We constructed a phylogenetic tree based on six molecular markers, four of which are newly developed and generated competing species hypotheses based on molecular (species discovery strategies based on both single locus and multilocus datasets) and phenotypic data (unsupervised clustering algorithms based on morphology, secondary chemistry and geographic origin). We found that taxonomic diversity in the group has been highly underestimated in previous studies. In consequence, we describe six new species, most of them single-island endemics and provide a key to the group. Phylogenetic relationships among species have been reconstructed with almost full support which, coupled with the endemic character of the group, makes it an excellent system for the study of island radiations in lichen-forming fungi. : Blázquez M, Pérez-Vargas I, Garrido-Benavent I, et al. 2024. Endless forms most frustrating: disentangling species boundaries in the Ramalina decipiens group (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota), with the description of six new species and a key to the group. Persoonia 52: 44-93. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2024.52.03 .

The genus is the largest genus of the oomycetes, fungus-like members of the kingdom that also contains amoeboid (e.g., ) and plant-like (e.g., ) lifeforms. species are obligate biotrophic plant pathogens, causing high economic losses in various crops and ornamentals, including species. Several species of are used as speciality crops and medicinal plants. In this study, species parasitic on were investigated based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses using two nuclear (ITS, nrLSU) loci and one mitochondrial (2) locus. As a result of these investigations, 10 new species are added to the already known species on . Interestingly, it was found that four independent species are parasitic to , highlighting that the reliance on the host plant for pathogen determination can be misleading in . Taking this into account, morphological and phylogenetic analyses should be conducted as a prerequisite for effective quarantine regulations and phytosanitary measures. : Mu M, Choi Y-J, Kruse J, et al. 2024. Single host plant species may harbour more than one species of Peronospora - a case study on Peronospora infecting Plantago. Persoonia 52: 94-118. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2024.52.04 .

A correct classification of fungi, including yeasts, is of prime importance to understand fungal biodiversity and to communicate about this diversity. Fungal genera are mainly defined based on phenotypic characteristics and the results of single or multigene-based phylogenetic analyses. However, because yeasts often have less phenotypic characters, their classification experienced a strong move towards DNA-based data, from short ribosomal sequences to multigene phylogenies and more recently to phylogenomics. Here, we explore the usefulness of various genomics-based parameters to circumscribe fungal genera more correctly taking the yeast domain as an example. Therefore, we compared the results of a phylogenomic analysis, average amino acid identity (AAI) values, the presence of conserved signature indels (CSIs), the percentage of conserved proteins (POCP) and the presence-absence patterns of orthologs (PAPO). These genome-based metrics were used to investigate their usefulness in demarcating 13 hitherto relatively well accepted genera in , namely , , , , , , , , , , , and As a result, most of these genera are supported by the genomics-based metrics, but the genera , and were shown to be genetically highly diverse based on the above listed analyses. Considering the results obtained for the presently recognized genera, a range of 80-92 % POCP values and a range of 60-70 % AAI values might be valuable thresholds to discriminate genera in Furthermore, the genus-specific genes identified in the PAPO analysis and the CSIs were found to be useful as synapomorphies to characterize and define genera in . Our results indicate that the combined monophyly-based phylogenomic analysis together with genomic relatedness indices and synapomorphies provide promising approaches to delineating yeast genera and likely those of filamentous fungi as well. The genera , and are revised and we propose eight new genera and 41 new combinations. : Liu F, Hu Z-D, Yurkov A, et al. 2024. Saccharomycetaceae: delinaeation of fungal genera based on phylogenomic analyses, genomic relatedness indices and genomics-based synapomorphies. Persoonia 52: 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2024.52.01.

is a polyphyletic genus of asexually reproducing yeasts in the with more than 400 species that occur in almost all families of the subclass and its name is strongly connected with the infectious disease candidiasis. During the last two decades, approximately half of the species have been reassigned into more than 36 already existing genera and 14 newly proposed genera, but the polyphyletic feature of the genus largely remained. is an important, globally emerging opportunistic pathogen that has caused life-threatening outbreaks in healthcare facilities worldwide. This species belongs to the (CAH) clade in the , a clade that contains multidrug-resistant clinically relevant species, but also species isolated from natural environments. The clade is phylogenetically positioned remotely from the type species of the genus that is (currently interpreted as a synonym of ) and belongs to the family . Although previous phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies confirmed the position of in the , these analyses failed to resolve the position of the CAH clade within the family and its delimitation from the genera and . To resolve the position of the CAH clade, phylogenomic and comparative genomics analyses were carried out to address the phylogenetic position of and related species in the using several metrics, such as the average amino acid identity (AAI) values, the percentage of conserved proteins (POCP) and the presence-absence patterns of orthologs (PAPO). Based on those approaches, 13 new genera are proposed for various and species, including members of the CAH clade in the . As a result, and related species are reassigned to the genus . Fifty-five new combinations and nine new species are introduced and this will reduce the polyphyly of the genus . : Liu F, Hu Z-D, Zhao X-M, et al. 2024. Phylogenomic analysis of the Candida auris-Candida haemuli clade and related taxa in the Metschnikowiaceae, and proposal of thirteen new genera, fifty-five new combinations and nine new species. Persoonia 52: 22-43. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2024.52.02 .

The genera and contain ecologically, morphologically and lifestyle diverse fungi in (, ) with a world-wide distribution. Despite previous studies having elucidated that and are highly polyphyletic, the DNA phylogeny of many traditionally morphology-defined species is still poorly resolved, and a comprehensive taxonomic overview of the two genera is lacking. To resolve this issue, we integrate broad taxon sampling strategies and the most comprehensive multi-gene (ITS, LSU, and ) datasets to date, with fossil calibrations to address the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among major lineages of . Two previously recognised main clades, (24 species) and (49 species), were re-affirmed based on our phylogenetic analyses, as well as the phylogenetic position of 15 genera within . In this study, we provide an up-to-date overview on the taxonomy and phylogeny of species belonging to and , as well as detailed descriptions and illustrations of 21 species of which eight are newly described. Furthermore, the divergence time estimates indicate that the crown age of was around 210.37 Mya (95 % HPD: 177.18-246.96 Mya) in the Late Triassic, and that and began to diversify approximately 27.07 Mya (95 % HPD: 20.47-34.37 Mya) and 70.46 Mya (95 % HPD: 56.96-86.24 Mya), respectively. Our results also demonstrate that multigene sequence data coupled with broad taxon sampling can help elucidate previously unresolved clade relationships. : Wei TP, Wu YM, Zhang X, et al. 2024. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Cephalotrichum and Microascus provides novel insights into their systematics and evolutionary history. Persoonia 52: 119-160. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2024.52.05 .

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: , on whitefly, on bark of , from soil under , on leaf spot of , and on leaf spot of . , on fully submersed siliceous schist in high-mountain streams, and on the lower part and apothecial discs of on a twig. , on decaying wood, from moist soil with leaf litter, on a trunk of a living unknown hardwood tree species, and on dead twigs of unidentified plant. , on sandy soil in a plantation of . , on dead bark of , and on dead bark of . , on fruit lesion of . , on corticioid , on sp. , on calcareous soils in dry forests and park habitats. , on sandy soil under , and on leaves of . , on decaying bark of logs, on unidentified woody substrate, from soil, on the trunk of , and on elephant dung. , on infected leaves of . , (incl. gen. nov.) from . , on acidic soil. , on dead leaf of , and on dead leaves of . , on dead culms of , (incl. gen. nov.) on culms of , (incl. gen. nov.) on branch of , on dead standing culms of , on culms of , and on dead bamboo sticks. , half-buried and moss-covered pieces of rotting wood in grass-grown path. , on soil. , (incl. gen. nov.) from resin of ssp. , from sooty mould community on , and from a gallery of on . , on mossy areas of laurel forest areas planted with , and from a biofilm covering a biodeteriorated limestone wall. , from hypersaline sea water, and from water sample collected from hypersaline lagoon. , on culm of , on , (incl. gen. nov.) on culms of , on nest of cases of bag worm moths () on , on leaves of , on stems of , from the roots of × , and (incl. gen. nov.) on leaf of . , on decaying leaves of sp. from pond. , on the bark of fallen trees of , from surface-sterilised, asymptomatic roots of , on soil in mixed forest, on calcareous soil in mixed forest, on acidic soils, from roots of × , on leaves of sp., and from soil. , on calcareous soil. , on pupa, buried in soil, on larva, buried in soil, and on pupa, buried in soil. , on dead leaf of . , on clay loamy soils. , (incl. gen. nov.) on leaves of . , on recently dead stem of , (incl. gen. nov.) from water, and from swab of coil surface. Morphological and culture characteristics for these new taxa are supported by DNA barcodes. : Crous PW, Osieck ER, Shivas RG, et al. 2023. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1478-1549. Persoonia 50: 158- 310. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2023.50.05.

As an ectomycorrhizal fungal genus that contains matsutake and other edible mushrooms, has great economic and ecological significance. However, the phylogenetic relationships within the genus remain unsettled. To clarify the infrageneric relationships of , including the identification of monophyletic subgenera and sections, three phylogenetic analyses were conducted employing single-locus (ITS), five-locus (ITS/ /mtSSU) and 50-locus (45 single-copy orthologous genes plus the aforementioned ones) DNA nucleotide sequences. Our data indicated that ITS sequences could serve the species delimitation of in most cases and monophyletic groups recognition in some cases, and the five-locus dataset could resolve a section-level phylogeny of this genus, while the 50-locus dataset could clarify the delimitation of subgenera and settle the relationships among sections within this genus. A fifty-locus dataset was firstly employed to construct a robust phylogeny of . Based on this, a new infrageneric arrangement for the genus , with four subgenera, of which two are in accordance with the previous subgenera and , and eleven sections, is suggested. Subgenus , occupying the basal position, only harbors sect. , while the subg. comprises sects. and located at the sub-basal position with good support. Subgenus is newly erected here and consists of sect. , sect. and two as yet unnamed phylogenetic lineages. Besides an unnamed section-level lineage, subg. consists of sects. , , , , and , of which the two latter are newly proposed. The previously defined subg. is clustered within subg. and is a synonym of the latter. , and their allies, which used to be allocated in sect. (or genus ), are relocated to sect. since they form a strongly supported monophyletic group and share rusty or black spots on lamellae with other species in this section. Taxonomic descriptions of the new infrageneric taxa and a key to subgenera and sections of the genus are presented. : Ding XX, Xu X, Cui YY, et al. 2023. A fifty-locus phylogenetic analysis provides deep insights into the phylogeny of Tricholoma (Tricholomataceae, Agaricales). Persoonia 50: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2023.50.01.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: , in leaf spots of . , on scale insect (), isolated from air, on dead spider, on sp. , on sandstone, in open semi-desert montane areas, corticolous in a forest, on apothecia of corticolous var. , on the thallus of . , (incl. gen. nov.) hyperparasitic on on leaves of , on protocorms and roots of . , on spp. , from surface-sterilised, asymptomatic roots of , on wood of decorticated branches of . , on dead corticated twigs of . , on dead corticated palm stem. , on loamy soil. , on dead grass (). , on living , on dead wood of , on trunk of , on moist soil near the forest, on decaying elephant dung, on living leaves of , on moist soil near the base of a bamboo plantation. , from stem canker of . , (incl. fam. nov.) on leaf spots on flower sp. , lichenicolous on cf. . , on soil, on dead leaves of sp., on loamy soil. , on calcareous soil, on gravelly soil. , on soil. , parasitic on sp. , isolated from nest, from leaf spots on , from sooty mould community on . , on clay soil. , on branches of . , on dead leaves of sp., (incl. gen. nov.) on dead twigs of unknown tree, on living leaves of colonised by a sp., on , (incl. gen. nov.) on dead insect, (incl. gen. nov.) on dead twigs of unknown tree, (incl. gen. nov.), on dead twigs of unknown tree, (incl. gen. nov.) on dead leaves of , on living leaves of , on leaf litter, on dead twigs of var. , on dead twig of unknown tree, on dead leaves of unknown tree. , on limestone soil, in mixed forest, in open forest, on . , on decaying wood on sand-silt riverbank. , on dead stem of , on dead twigs of . , on natural limestone outcrops, (incl. gen. nov.) on dead branches of . , water from cooling tower, on soil in mixed forest, and from air in a house attic. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes. : Crous PW, Costa MM, Kandemir H, et al. 2023. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1550-1613. Persoonia 51: 280-417. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.08.

Applying molecular methods to fungi establishing lichenized associations with green algae or cyanobacteria has repeatedly revealed the existence of numerous phylogenetic taxa overlooked by classical taxonomic approaches. Here, we report taxonomical conclusions based on multiple species delimitation and validation analyses performed on an eight-locus dataset that includes world-wide representatives of the dolichorhizoid and scabrosoid clades in section of the genus . Following the recommendations resulting from a consensus species delimitation approach and additional species validation analysis (BPP) performed in this study, we present a total of 25 species in the dolichorhizoid clade and nine in the scabrosoid clade, including respectively 18 and six species that are new to science and formally described. Additionally, one combination and three varieties (including two new to science) are proposed in the dolichorhizoid clade. The following 24 new species are described: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and ; the following new varieties are introduced: var. and var. ; and the following new combination is introduced: var. . Each species from the dolichorhizoid and scabrosoid clades is morphologically and chemically described, illustrated, and characterised with ITS sequences. Identification keys are provided for the main biogeographic regions where species from the two clades occur. Morphological and chemical characters that are commonly used for species identification in the genus cannot be applied to unambiguously recognise most molecularly circumscribed species, due to high variation of thalli formed by individuals within a fungal species, including the presence of distinct morphs in some cases, or low interspecific variation in others. The four commonly recognised morphospecies: , , and in the dolichorhizoid and scabrosoid clades represent species complexes spread across multiple and often phylogenetically distantly related lineages. Geographic origin of specimens is often helpful for species recognition; however, ITS sequences are frequently required for a reliable identification. : Magain N, Miadlikowska J, Goffinet B, et al. 2023. High species richness in the lichen genus Peltigera (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes): 34 species in the dolichorhizoid and scabrosoid clades of section Polydactylon, including 24 new to science. Persoonia 51: 1-88. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.01.

The genus was first described from India by Linnaeus in 1771, but several revisions of the genus have left the taxonomy unclear. Forty-four species names and nine intraspecific varieties are currently accepted, but most fungarium specimens are labelled . Recent molecular analyses based on barcoding genes suggest that the genus comprises several species, but their status is largely unresolved. Here we obtained basidiospores and photographs from 166 fungarium specimens from around the world and generated a phylogeny based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1,5.8S and ITS2 (ITS), and a phylogenomic analysis of 3 839 BUSCO genes from low-coverage genomes for a subset of the specimens. Combining phylogenetics, phylogenomics, morphology, ecology, and geographical distribution, spanning 250 years of collections, we propose that the genus includes at least 16 unambiguous species. Based on 10 type specimens (holotype, paratype, and syntype), four recorded species were confirmed, , , , and . Comparing phylogenetic analysis with described species, including morphology, ecology, and distribution, we resurrected and designated neotypes, epitypes, or lectotypes for five previously described species, , , , , and . Lastly, based on phylogenies and morphology of type material, we synonymized three reported species, , , and with , and described five new species that we named , , , , and . : Li GS, Leal-Dutra CA, Cuesta-Maté A, et al. 2023. Resolution of eleven reported and five novel Podaxis species based on ITS phylogeny, phylogenomics, morphology, ecology, and geographic distribution. Persoonia 51: 257-279. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.07.

is the most diverse genus of dermatophytes, and its natural reservoir is considered to be soil enriched by keratin sources. During a study on the diversity of dermatophytes in wild small rodents in the Czech Republic, we isolated several strains of . To explore the diversity and ecological significance of these isolates from rodents (n = 29), we characterised the strains genetically (i.e., sequenced ITS, and ), morphologically, physiologically, and by conducting mating experiments. We then compared the rodent-derived strains to existing ITS sequence data from GenBank and the GlobalFungi Database to further investigate biogeography and the association of species with different types of environments. In total, eight species were isolated from rodents, including four previously described species (, , , ) and four new species proposed herein, i.e., , , and . The geographical distribution of these newly described species was not restricted to the Czech Republic nor rodents. Additional isolates were obtained from bats and other mammals, reptiles, and soil from Europe, North America, and Asia. Data mining showed that the genus has a diverse ecology, with some lineages occurring relatively frequently in soil, whereas others appeared to be more closely associated with live animals, as we observed in . Low numbers of sequence reads ascribed to in soil show that the genus is rare in this environment, which supports the hypothesis that spp. are not soil generalists but rather strongly associated with animals and keratin debris. This is the first study to utilise existing metabarcoding data to assess biogeographical, ecological, and diversity patterns in dermatophytes. : Moulíková Š, Kolařík M, Lorch JM, et al. 2022. Wild rodents harbour high diversity of Arthroderma. Persoonia 50: 27- 47. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2023.50.02.

Black yeasts comprise a group of of the order with highly variable morphology, a great diversity of ecological niches and life cycles. Despite the ubiquity of these fungi, their diversity in freshwater sediments is still poorly understood. During a survey of culturable from river and stream sediments in various sampling sites in Spain, we obtained 47 isolates of black yeasts by using potato dextrose agar supplemented with cycloheximide. A preliminary morphological study and sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear rDNA revealed that most of the isolates belonged to the family . We have confidently identified 30 isolates representing the following species: , , , , , and . However, we encountered difficulty in assigning 17 cultures to any known species within . Combining phenotypic and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses based on the ITS, LSU, β-tubulin (2) and translation elongation factor 1-α (1-α) gene markers, we propose the new genus in the to accommodate the novel species . Other novel species in this family include , , , , , , and . The new species , closely related to , is described, and the phylogeny of the genus in the family is discussed. By utilizing these four markers, we were able to strengthen the phylogenetic resolution and provide more robust taxonomic assessments within the studied group. Our findings indicate that freshwater sediments may serve as a reservoir for intriguing black yeasts, which warrant further investigation to address gaps in phylogenetic relationships, particularly within . : Torres-Garcia D, García D, Réblová M, et al. 2023. Diversity and novel lineages of black yeasts in Chaetothyriales from freshwater sediments in Spain. Persoonia 51: 194-228. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.05.

The class consists of free-living protists characterised by their complex life cycle, which includes both microscopic (amoebae, flagellates and cists) and macroscopic stages (spore-bearing fruiting bodies, sclerotia, and plasmodia). Within it, the order , with more than 450 recognised species, constitutes the largest group. Although previous studies have shown the polyphyly of some of the traditionally accepted genera, its internal phylogenetic relationships have remained uncertain so far, and together with the lack of data for some key species, it prevented any taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions. We have compiled a substantially expanded dataset in terms of both taxon sampling and molecular data, including most of the genera described to date and four unlinked DNA regions, for which we provide partial sequences: nSSU, , , and mtSSU, analysed through maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our results confirm that the family is paraphyletic to the rest of . Within s.lat., the recent reinstatement of the genus for most species traditionally ascribed to , except for the type (Ronikier et al. 2022), is further supported here, as well as the definite inclusion of the genus in and s.str. () in (Prikhodko et al. 2023). Additionally, the genus is redefined to include some species previously treated in ( spp. with true columella). Within the monophyletic family , most genera are recovered as polyphyletic, suggesting that they should be no longer accepted as currently defined. However, the lack of resolution of some relationships within prevents us from resuscitating or creating several new genera to mitigate polyphyly. Among the well-defined groups with clear molecular signatures, we propose two taxonomic and nomenclatural changes at generic level: 1) a new genus, , is proposed for a major clade containing and other species with heavily calcified sporophores and, often, a true calcareous columella; 2) is resurrected for the clade containing . Additionally, is suggested as the correct name for the clade containing . The taxonomy and nomenclature of some provisional genera, currently synonymous with and , are disentangled, and we provide a comprehensive and updated nomenclatural conspectus that can be used when better resolved phylogenies are obtained. In total, 22 new combinations are proposed in different genera. A provisional key to the genera of the order is also provided. : García-Martín JM, Zamora JC, Lado C. 2023. Multigene phylogeny of the order Physarales (Myxomycetes, Amoebozoa): shedding light on the dark-spored clade. Persoonia 51: 89-124. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.02.

Species in have broad host ranges and cosmopolitan geographic distributions, occurring as endophytes, saprobes and plant pathogens. Previous studies have indicated that many species are associated with . To further determine the diversity of species associated with citrus diseases in China, we conducted extensive surveys in major citrus-producing areas from 2017-2020. Diseased tissues were collected from leaves, fruits, twigs, branches and trunks showing a range of symptoms including melanose, dieback, gummosis, wood decay and canker. Based on phylogenetic comparisons of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), calmodulin (), histone H3 (), translation elongation factor 1-alpha () and beta-tubulin (), 393 isolates from 10 provinces were identified as belonging to 36 species of , including 32 known species, namely , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , and four new species, namely , , and . Among the 32 known species, 14 are reported for the first time on , and two are newly reported from China. Among the 36 species, was the dominant species as exemplified by its high frequency of isolation and virulence. Pathogenicity tests indicated that most species obtained in this study were weakly aggressive or non-pathogenic to the tested citrus varieties. Only produced the longest lesion lengths on citrus shoots and induced melanose on citrus leaves. These results further demonstrated that a rich diversity of species occupy , but only a few species are harmful and is the main pathogen for in China. The present study provides a basis from which targeted monitoring, prevention and control measures can be developed. : Xiao XE, Liu YD, Zheng F, et al. 2023. High species diversity in Diaporthe associated with citrus diseases in China. Persoonia 51: 229-256. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.06.

Type material and additional collections of 11 taxa of described in Europe and North Africa have been studied, namely , , var. , var. , var. , var. , , , , and . At the same time, morphological and genetic studies on recent and herbarium collections from several European countries have been carried out. This enabled clarification of sections within and differentiation of 28 taxa, of which 21 are new to science. However, the deeper relationships and nomenclature changes related to the phylogenetic position of the genus within will not be addressed in this study because they would require a more complete molecular analysis together with that of related genera, e.g., , , and the four subgenera of . In addition, a lectotype for var. and reference specimens for and var. are selected, and the new combination var. is proposed. Detailed descriptions, macro- and microphotographs and distribution maps of all taxa are provided, as well as extensive information on their ecology, chorology and phylogeny. A key is included to facilitate identification of taxa. : Vidal JM, Cseh P, Merényi Z, et al. 2023. The genus Gautieria (Gomphales) in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: a morphological and phylogenetic taxonomic revision. Persoonia 50: 48 -122. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2023.50.03.

A revision, based on morphological and multigene analysis, of the species currently present in Europe is provided. Portions of nrITS rDNA, nr28S rDNA (LSU), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (), and ATPase subunit 6 (), were used to sort out the relationships of the species within the genus. Three subgenera were recognized: subg. encompassing . , . , . , . , . and the new species . from Switzerland; the new subg. including . and . ; and the new subg. for accommodating , a peculiar entity characterized by a pleurotoid habit and growing on decaying, abandoned termite nests in the Dominican Republic. originally described from China is here reported and described for the first time in Europe (Italy and Estonia). and are reduced to later synonyms of ; similarly, is treated as a later synonym of while and of . Finally, Austrian and Swedish herbarium collections identified as , a doubtful taxon considered by several modern authors occasionally as either a similar but distinct species from . or as a dwarfish, puny and odourless form of , have been proved to be , a species recently described from Turkey and Estonia, and also later reported from Italy and USA. : Vizzini A, Consiglio G, Marchetti M. 2023. Overview of the European species of the genus Clitocella (Entolomataceae, Agaricales) with notes on extralimital taxa. Persoonia 50: 123-157. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2023.50.04.

is a genus of ectomycorrhizal truffles within that is known from Australia and contains only two described species, and . Species of are closely related to truffles (, ) and cup fungi () from the Northern Hemisphere. Here we reevaluate the species diversity of and related taxa from southern South America and Australia based on new morphological and molecular data. We identify previously undocumented diversity and morphological variability in ascospore color, ascospore ornamentation, hymenial construction, epithecium structure and the amyloid reaction of the ascus in Melzer's reagent. We redescribe two species from Australia and describe seven new species, five from South America and two from Australia. This is the first report of species from South America. We also describe the new South American genus as sister lineage to the clade (including , , , and ). We obtained ITS sequences of mitotic spore mats from gen. & sp. nov. and four of the seven newly described species, providing the first evidence of mitotic spore mats in . Additional ITS sequences from mitotic spore mats reveal the presence of nine additional undescribed and one species that do not correspond to any sampled ascomata. We also identify three additional undescribed species based on environmental sequences from the feces of two grounddwelling bird species from Chile, and . Our results indicate that ascomata from and species are rarely collected, but molecular data from ectomycorrhizal roots and mitotic spore mats indicate that these species are probably common and widespread in southern South America. Finally, we present a time-calibrated phylogeny that is consistent with a late Gondwanan distribution. The time since the most recent common ancestor of: 1) the family had a mean of 276 Ma (217-337 HPD); 2) the clade had a mean of 79 Ma (60-100 HPD); and 3) the clade had a mean of 50 Ma (38-62 HPD). The crown age of had a mean of 39 Ma (25-42 HPD) and had a mean age of 28 Ma (20-37 HPD), falling near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary and the onset of the Antarctic glaciation (c. 35 Ma). : Healy RA, Truong C, Castellano MA, et al. 2023. Re-examination of the Southern Hemisphere truffle genus Amylascus (Pezizaceae, Ascomycota) and characterization of the sister genus Nothoamylascus gen. nov. Persoonia 51: 125-151. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.03.

subgenus is a group of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes, usually with large pileate fruitbodies. European members of the group are characterised by the absence of bright colours on the surfaces of their pilei, the context turning grey to black after cutting, the abundance of short lamellulae in the hymenophore, and spores with an inamyloid suprahilar spot and with low reticulate ornamentation. Our multi-locus phylogenetic study confirmed that this morphological delimitation corresponds to a well-supported clade. Within this clade, 16 species are recognised in Europe, of which five belong to the lineage and were described in a previous study, while eleven are fully described in this study. The application of the names , , , , , and is based on the position of sequences retrieved from types or authentic material. Based on type sequences, is synonymised with and two varieties of are considered synonyms of . The application of the name is based on a morphological match with the traditional species interpretation and the neotype specimen. Three species are described as new, sp. nov., sp. nov. and sp. nov. This study recognises three major lineages and two species with isolated positions within the European and a morphological barcode was assigned to the species using an analysis of 23 selected characters. A search of publicly available sequences from the UNITE database revealed that the majority of species are host tree generalists and widely distributed in temperate and Mediterranean areas of Europe. is the only species so far proven to form ectomycorrhiza exclusively with conifers. : De Lange R, Kleine J, Hampe F, et al. 2023. Stop black and white thinking: Russula subgenus Compactae (Russulaceae, Russulales) in Europe revised. Persoonia 51: 152-193. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.04.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: , on leaves, stems and fruits of . , on soil, on dying leaf of from yellowing leaf tips of on well-rotted wood, from necrotic leaf of , from the body of a dead spider, from leaf spots of from gills of and from leaf spots of . , from air. , from the rhizosphere of subsp. f. . , on soil in mixed forest with and . , on dead culm of unidentified . , from symptomless stem wood of . , on infected fruit of on leaves of , and on basal trunk of . , from kernels. , and on stems of , and on symptomatic leaves of . , on stems of (incl. gen. nov.) and from dead culms of . , on soil in a forest. , from rhizosphere soil of , and on leaf spots of . , on dead wood or bark. , on leaves of and on bark of . , on decaying wood of subsp. , from fluvial sediments, endophytic in roots of , and from calcareus soils. , on stumps and woody debris. , from soil under . , on soil under and on soil under trees. , on dead twigs of . , (incl. gen. nov.) from office air. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes. Tan YP, Bishop-Hurley SL, Shivas RG, et al. 2022. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1436-1477. Persoonia 49: 261-350. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.08.

is a well-known and long-established subgenus of the genus traditionally defined mainly by the mycenoid basidiocarps of the included species. Until now, revisions of this subgenus including molecular data exist only on a regional scale. In this study, the phylogeny of species of is analysed based on multi-gene DNA sequences including data of specimens from all continents. New primers are designed for the mitochondrial small subunit and . The performance of the DNA loci in reconstructing the phylogeny in subg. is evaluated. An ancestral state reconstruction is used to infer the character state evolution as well as the importance and reliability of morphological characters used to define subclades below subgeneric rank. Based on the results, seven sections are recognised in the sections , , , , , , and the newly described sect. . A large phylogeny based on the fungal barcode rDNA ITS with numerous type sequences is used to evaluate current species concepts. Several names are revealed to be synonyms of older names. Four species new to science are described, namely . , . , . , and . . Lectotypes, epitypes or neotypes are designated for . , . , . , . , . , . , . , and . . The re-evaluation of the limits of subg. leads to an altered concept excluding species with distinct, lageniform cheilocystidia. The section is placed in subg. . For several species formerly accommodated in , but excluded now, viz., . , . , . , and . the taxonomic position remains unclear, because of the yet unresolved phylogeny of the whole genus . : Reschke K, Morozova OV, Dima B, et al. 2022. Phylogeny, taxonomy, and character evolution in Entoloma subgenus Nolanea. Persoonia 49: 136-170. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.04.

During surveys in central Florida of the zombie-ant fungus , which manipulates the behavior of the carpenter ant , two distinct fungal morphotypes were discovered associated with and purportedly parasitic on . . Based on a combination of unique morphology, ecology and phylogenetic placement, we discovered that these morphotypes comprise two novel lineages of fungi. Here, we propose two new genera, and , each including a single species within the families and , respectively. We generated draft genomes for both new species and performed morphological and multi-loci phylogenetic analyses. The macromorphology and incidence of both new species, and , suggest that these fungi are mycoparasites since their growth is observed exclusively on . mycelium, stalks and ascomata, causing evident degradation of their fungal hosts. This work provides a starting point for more studies into fungal interactions between mycopathogens and entomopathogens, which have the potential to contribute towards efforts to battle the global rise of plant and animal mycoses. : Araújo JPM, Lebert BM, Vermeulen S, et al. 2022. Masters of the manipulator: two new hypocrealean general, Niveomyces (Cordycipitaceae) and Torrubiellomyces (Ophiocordycipitaceae), parasitic on the zombie ant fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani. Persoonia 49: 171-194. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.05.