Rhizosphere dissipation of organic pollutants benefits safe utilization of the polluted agricultural soil. Nevertheless, dissipation variation of phthalates (PAEs) in rhizosphere among different vegetable genotypes and the related microbial mechanisms remain unknown. Here, twelve lettuce cultivars with different genetic relationships identified by 18S rRNA gene sequencing were cultivated in soil spiked with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Bacterial communities and function genes in rhizosphere of lettuce were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. Results showed significant variations in DEHP concentrations of roots (2.8-15.3 mg/kg) and shoots (0.70-1.8 mg/kg) among 12 cultivars. Notably, cultivars L11 and L12 showed the lowest DEHP accumulation in roots and shoots, being lower by 82 % and 58 % than the highest accumulators (cultivars L5 and L6), respectively. This accumulation variation was closely connected with their genetic relationships and exhibited genotype-dependent trait. The significantly different bacterial community diversities and structures were recorded in rhizosphere among 12 cultivars. Especially, bacterial communities in rhizosphere of cultivars L11 and L12 (low-DEHP accumulators with high DEHP dissipation) strengthened their adaptation by enriching pollutant-resistant taxa, increasing extracellular polymeric substance contents and biofilm formation, as well as constructing complex ecological networks under DEHP pollution. Moreover, PAE-degrading bacteria and genes (e.g., hydrolase65, phtAb, and pcaI) in rhizosphere were enriched by low-DEHP accumulators, which benefited DEHP removal and subsequently safe agricultural products. This study provides new insights into microbial mechanisms on rhizosphere DEHP degradation and its correlation with accumulation variation among different crop genotypes.

In this study, we developed a ZnCr-LDH/NH-UIO66 heterojunction to enhance photocatalytic NO oxidation through a dual-site Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism. Nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), including NO, are hazardous environmental contaminants linked to severe air pollution issues such as haze, acid rain, and photochemical smog. The composite catalyst addresses these challenges by synergistically activating NO and O under environmentally relevant conditions, including simulated solar light, ambient temperature, and NO concentrations of 1000 ppb typical of polluted urban areas. The MOF component (NH-UIO66) selectively adsorbs NO, while the LDH component (ZnCr-LDH) efficiently activates O to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The built-in electric field (BIEF) optimizes charge separation, enabling 71.1 % NO removal efficiency with 97.8 % nitrate selectivity, effectively suppressing toxic NO byproduct formation. This work provides a sustainable strategy for mitigating hazardous NO emissions in air pollution control, bridging material design with environmental remediation.

The wide application and low utilization rate of oxytetracycline (OTC) make it often detected in wastewater, which may cause harmful effects on microbial denitrification. Aerobic denitrification (AD) as a new microbial denitrification technology has obvious advantages. However, systematic studies on the effects of OTC on it are lacking. In this study, the effect of OTC on AD was comprehensively explored from multiple perspectives, the main results are as follows. From the perspective of bacterial performance, OTC inhibited AD bacteria growth, denitrification efficiency, and caused serious damage to cell morphological structure, results of CCK-8 confirmed that bacterial activity was significantly affected. From the perspective of electron behavior, OTC decreased electron-producing capacity of carbon metabolism, reduced activity of the electron transport system, inhibited the electron consumption of NAR and NIR to varying degrees, thus increased the risk of nitrite accumulation. From the perspective of intracellular environment, OTC broke redox balance and antioxidant mechanism, related carbon and nitrogen cycle functional genes were down-regulated, affected amino acid, organic acid and nucleotide metabolic processes. The above results provide important information for evaluating the potential risks of antibiotics on the application of AD, and provide key background and theoretical support for stabilizing the technology.

Sulfonamides (SAs) residue in the environment presents significant challenges to both environmental safety and medical security. Currently, the reaction and transformation mechanisms of microorganisms in the presence of SAs remain unclear. This study employed multiomics to investigate the gene response and enzymatic transformation mechanisms of Bacillus sp. HC-1 under SAs exposure conditions. Strain HC-1 demonstrated the ability to transform sulfaquinoxaline (SQX), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and sulfamethazine (SMZ) into their respective N-acetylated products. Within 12 hours, the transformation rates of SQX, SMX, and SMZ reached 51.7 %, 44.7 %, and 42.70 % respectively. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to cellular transport, membrane channel activity, and various metabolic pathways were significantly enriched in strain HC-1 exposed to SQX. Through genomic analysis, we identified three types of arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs), which were named BaNATA, BaNATB, and BaNATC. Their highest homologies with reported NATs were 35.29 %, 40.82 %, and 35.32 %, respectively. Resistance and toxicological assessments indicated that NATs functioned as resistance genes against SAs, and the toxicity of transformation products to microorganisms and plant seeds was diminished. This study offers a valuable reference for a more in-depth understanding of microbial reactions, potential resistance, and transformation mechanisms in antibiotic-contaminated environments.

Diquat (DQ) is a widely used new herbicide that poses a great threat to the environment, ecological systems and human health. Although the central nervous system (CNS) is a sensitive target of DQ exposure, the major brain regions, pathological changes and underlying mechanisms of DQ damage to the CNS remain obscure. We demonstrated that the brainstem was the primary region where DQ damaged the CNS. DQ exposure damaged both neurons and glial cells and disrupted neurotransmitter metabolism. DQ caused brainstem demyelination, as indicated by the loss of myelin sheaths, decreased levels of myelination biomarkers, and abnormal myelin morphology. Mechanistically, the expression of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) was increased in the DQ-exposed brainstem, and MCU knockdown mice were less sensitive to DQ-induced demyelination and CNS injury by attenuating disturbances in brain energy metabolism via the AMPK pathway. Moreover, the inhibition of MCU efficiently improved DQ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro. Overall, this study is the first to reveal that the brainstem is the key injured brain region and that demyelination is the prominent pathological feature induced by DQ exposure. The MCU is a potential therapeutic target for DQ-induced demyelination and CNS injury. These novel findings expand our understanding of DQ-induced CNS injury and offer a promising therapeutic strategy.

High concentrations of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in industrial wastewaters pose significant environmental and health hazards. Biotranformation is a viable means to lower Cr(VI) toxicity, but research to date has focused on wastewaters with low concentrations (e.g., 2-5 mg/L Cr(VI)). This study evaluated the dynamics of biosorption and biotransformation of higher-concentration Cr(VI) by biofilms in the H-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). While the biofilm in an MBfR receiving Cr(VI) alone had limited capacity to remove Cr(VI) and Cr(VI) removal ceased in 30 days, an autotrophic denitrifying biofilms achieved 99 % reduction of over 20 mg/L Cr(VI) to less-toxic trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) in continuous long-term operation system over 4 months. Increasing the H pressure from 3 psig to 10 psig improved Cr(VI) removal from 87 % to 99 %, which occurred in parallel with over 95 % NO reduction to N. Metagenomic analyses revealed the mechanisms of Cr(VI) bioreduction and highlighted the beneficial role of nitrate (NO) as the primary electron acceptor. For example, nitrite reductase NrfA could reduce Cr(VI), which lowered Cr(VI) caused oxidative stress. This research demonstrates the MBfR's effectiveness in reducing elevated levels of Cr(VI) and provides mechanistic understanding of the roles of denitrification in accelerating Cr(VI) reduction and detoxification.

The highly toxic metal thallium (Tl) poses significant hazards to commercial VO-WO/TiO catalysts. However, the efficient regeneration of Tl-poisoned VO-WO/TiO catalysts remains a considerable challenge. This study collects Tl-poisoned commercial VO-WO/TiO catalyst from the cement industry, and systematic analyses reveals that Tl exhibits strong penetrability, severely covering acid sites and drastically reducing NH adsorption capacity. An in-situ glycine leaching regeneration method was developed to restore the activity of Tl-poisoned VO-WO/TiO catalysts. The specific coordination ability of glycine facilitates the selective removal of Tl. The coordination mode between glycine and Tl is modulated by introducing H, significantly enhancing the coordination capacity for Tl, thereby facilitating the deep removal of Tl, with a leaching efficiency of 90.19 %. Moreover, glycine effectively reconstructs the vanadium active sites, and substantially restores the redox properties and surface acidity of the catalysts. The regenerated catalyst exhibits catalytic activity comparable to that of the fresh catalyst. Additionally, Tl leached by glycine is successfully recovered as TlCl. This study provides new insights into the poisoning mechanism of Tl in commercial VO-WO/TiO catalysts and develops a one-step in-situ regeneration technology with potential for industrial application.

Salinity impacts lake microorganisms in arid and semiarid zones, affecting climate change. Viruses regulate community structure, facilitate gene transfer, and mediate nutrient cycling. However, studies on the diversity and functional differences of viruses in lakes of varying salinity are limited. Thus, we investigated metagenomic data from 20 lakes in Xinjiang Province, China, to determine viral distribution, virus-host linkage, function, and drivers in lakes of varying salinity. The results showed that salinity shaped the distribution of viral community composition, and Hafunaviridae was the dominant virus in high-salinity lakes. All the metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) belonging to Halobacteriota were predicted as hosts, with a lysogenic lifestyle predominating the life strategy, implying their potential protection in salt lakes. Moreover, some auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs), such as cpeT and PTOX, were related to antioxidant and stress responses, which might help the host survive high salinity stress-induced peroxidation. Notably, the main antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) carried by viruses, which conferred resistance to polymyxin and trimethoprim, related to the local use of veterinary antibiotics, suggesting that they are potential vehicles for the transmission of ARGs. Overall, these findings suggest that lake systems include unique viral varieties that may influence microbial ecosystems and host metabolism related to environmental adaptability.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar synergistically mitigate Cr toxicity in plants. Ricinus communis roots are proficient in heavy metal accumulation. However, the role of AMF and biochar in reshaping bacterial networks during Cr remediation remains unclear. This study utilized pot experiments to investigate how the "AMF-biochar-Ricinus communis" system influences bacterial networks in rhizosphere soil under Cr stress and enhances soil quality. Results indicated that under 150 mg/kg Cr stress, the AMF-biochar combination significantly increased castor plant fresh weight and soil quality index by 359.70 % and 121.25 %, respectively, compared to treatments without biochar or AMF (P < 0.05). Notably, under Cr stress, the combined treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of Arthrobacter while decreasing that of Streptomyces. Network analysis and community assembly results revealed that AMF and biochar together significantly enhanced soil bacterial network complexity and average niche width. In conclusion, the AMF-biochar combination effectively promoted Ricinus communis growth under Cr stress and regulated rhizosphere soil bacterial community stability and assembly processes, providing valuable insights into plant-microbe interactions under Cr(VI) stress.

To evaluate potential of Mn-based spinel catalysts for multi-pollutant removal applications, a series of Mn-based spinel catalysts were developed and tested for NH selective catalytic reduction (NH-SCR) reaction and chlorobenzene catalytic oxidation. It was found that the CrMnO spinel catalysts showed the best NH-SCR activity and chlorobenzene catalytic removal activity among these Mn-based spinel catalysts. A NO removal efficiency above 90 % was achieved in the range of 163-283 °C with an apparent activation energy of 32.26 kJ/mol, whereas 90 % of chlorobenzene removal was achieved at nearly 300 °C with an apparent activation energy of 61.41 kJ/mol. CrMnO exhibits the good performance for simultaneous removal of NO and chlorobenzene in the temperature range of 305-315 °C. Stability tests indicates that 6 vol% water inhibits the NH3-SCR reaction, but promoted the chlorobenzene oxidation and CO yield. Its porous and fluffy structure provides a large specific surface area of 29.32 m/g and facilitates the adsorption of reactants. The DFT calculations were used to investigate the valence effect of different A-site metal ions on elemental Mn and the adsorption of reactant molecules on the surface. The results indicate that Mn atoms exhibit a variety of oxidation states and are strongly electrophilic in CrMnO spinel. DFT and in situ DRIFTS were combined to reveal the reaction mechanisms of NH-SCR and chlorobenzene oxidation. This study lays the foundation for the application of high-performance Mn-based spinel catalysts in multi-pollution abatement.

Soot nanoparticles (SNPs) are carbonaceous particulate matter with significant environmental and health impacts. Once inhaled, their aggregation in the respiratory system can influence their migration patterns and health hazards. This study investigated the effects of exposure conditions (interaction time, particle concentration, and activity state), fluid properties (pH and composition), and pulmonary surfactant lipids [micro-sized (m-DPPC) and nano-sized dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (n-DPPC)] on aggregation kinetics of SNPs in five lung fluids. Early-stage aggregation rates ranked artificial lysosomal fluid (0.64 nm/s) > simulated alveolar fluid (0.20 nm/s) > simulated lung fluid (0.17 nm/s) > simulated serum (0.11 nm/s) > Gamble's solution (0.03 nm/s), indicating potential SNP migration into the lower respiratory tract and alveolar interstitial spaces. Increasing particle concentration and reducing pH both promoted aggregation. Under static conditions, SNPs formed larger aggregates (397.8-5441 nm) than dynamic conditions (209.7-2461 nm) across all lung fluids over 24 h. Aggregation was driven by Ca, Mg, citric acid, sodium lactate, sodium citrate, and glycine. Among two lipids, m-DPPC facilitated aggregation through charge neutralization and bridging adsorption, while n-DPPC inhibited aggregation via steric hindrance, consistent with the modified Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (MDLVO) theory. These findings underscore the significant impact of lung fluids on migration and risks of SNPs in respiratory systems.

The effects of avermectin on the visual function of nontarget organisms, particularly aquatic organisms, require further evaluation. Avermectin can come into direct contact with the eyes of nontarget organisms through air or water. However, few studies have investigated the safety of avermectin in the eyes of nontarget organisms. Therefore, it is important to assess its safety in the eyes of nontarget organisms. The results demonstrate that avermectin induces ocular morphological abnormalities, retinal structural damage, and decreased locomotor behavior in zebrafish larvae. Further analyses indicate that avermectin-induced ocular toxicity in zebrafish larvae is associated with the thyroid hormone and retinoic acid signaling pathways. The evaluation of the effect of avermectin on the visual function of adult zebrafish reveals that avermectin induces changes in the sensitivity of adult zebrafish to different light wavelengths and colors. Male adult zebrafish showed greater variation, suggesting possible sex differences. These results indicate that avermectin induces ocular developmental damage in zebrafish larvae and visual behavioral abnormalities in adult zebrafish.

Highly efficient detection and sterilization techniques for bioaerosol prevention and control are urgently needed. Herein, we present an AIE-active Janus air filter membrane (AIE-HAFM) that features water-dissolvable micro-nano porous network architecture and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) activity constructed by the asymmetrical surface modification with an amphiphilic AIE photosensitizer (MeOTTVP). The all-round AIE-HAFM can not only provide low pressure drop and high interception efficiency for bioaerosol sampling but also perfectly inherit the AIE functions of MeOTTVP, which allows for intensive near-infrared (NIR) emission and efficient production of reactive oxygen species. The airborne pathogens can be effectively captured, collected, transferred, and released by AIE-HAFM for subsequent quantitative detection with colony counting and ATP bioluminescence, as well as stained by the incorporated MeOTTVP for NIR fluorescence imaging-guided visual detection. Meanwhile, AIE-HAFM enables on-demand and surface-dependent photodynamic effects for reliable bacterial eradication under white light irradiation due to the surface-concentrated MeOTTVP, consequently achieving the smart prevention and control of bioaerosols both in the simulated and real-world bioaerosol environment. The versatility of AIE-HAFM in handling diverse airborne pathogens may bring about a transformative solution to address the bioaerosol contamination problems.

In this study, a bioelectrochemical system, with trimethoprim (TMP) as the sole carbon source, was constructed to evaluate the bioelectrogenic respiration on the acceleration of TMP degradation. The bioelectro-characterization was comprehensively optimized. The results showed that the optimal removal efficiency of TMP was achieved (99.38 %) when the external resistance, pH, and concentration of phosphate buffer solution were 1000 Ω, 7, and 25 mM, respectively. The potential TMP degradation pathways were speculated based on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and density functional theory calculations, including demethylation, demethoxy, hydroxylation and methylene bridge cracking. The overall biotoxicity of TMP biodegradation products after electrogenic respiration treatment was generally reduced. Electroactive bacteria (3.85 %) and potential degraders (27.18 %) were markedly increased in bioelectrogenic anaerobic treatment system, where bioelectrogenic respiration played a crucial role in promoting TMP biodegradation. However, it was observed that under long-term toxic stress of TMP, there was an enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among the TMP-degrading bacteria. Furthermore, the comprehensive interaction between microbial communities and environmental variables was extensively investigated, revealing that electroactive bacteria and potential degraders were strongly positively correlated with TMP removal and biomineralization efficiency. This study provides guidance and promising strategy for the effective treatment of antibiotic-containing wastewater in practical applications.

Detecting hazardous nerve agents is essential due to their extreme toxicity and potential for severe harm, necessitating rapid and reliable sensing solutions. This study introduces a compact, high-performance sensor designed for diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) detection, a commonly used nerve agent simulant, engineered for rapid response and easy field readiness. Leveraging triphenyl phosphite as an innovative synthetic modification instead of the traditional triphenyl phosphate, the sensor achieved a higher yield, an acceptable limit of detection (LOD, 4.75 µM), and enhanced sensitivity. Characterization techniques (including Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis, HOMO-LUMO gap, and electrostatic potential mapping) align with XPS, NMR, and Raman spectroscopy results, confirming the sensor's structural integrity and operational efficacy. The sensor's rapid response is showcased through distinct chromogenic and fluorescence shifts, enabling naked-eye visual identification. The selectivity study reveals strong specificity for DCP, with no response to even HCl, HPO, NaOH, or structurally similar compounds, ensuring reliability in complex environments. Biocompatibility tests on HaCaT and CD-1064sk cell lines further support their safe use by operators. With safe near-UV-A excitation (385 nm) and an extended linear range (1-50 Equiv) at high DCP concentrations, this sensor is a valuable tool for emergency applications where immediate detection and response are crucial.

Indigenous microbial communities in fine tailings (FT) biodegrade residual diluent hydrocarbons and support CH emissions from oil sands tailings ponds and end-pit lakes. We investigated the effect of added crystalline Fe mineral magnetite on microbial metabolism of hydrocarbons in FT collected from methanogenically less and more active sites of an end-pit lake. Magnetite accelerated CH production by enhancing the biodegradation of hydrocarbons, with a more prominent effect on complex/relatively recalcitrant aliphatics (C-C compounds) and monoaromatics. Interestingly, 86-92 % of total magnetite added in FT remained stable even after the metabolism of labile hydrocarbons (∼45 % of total diluent hydrocarbons). This may be due to magnetite enabling mineralogical direct interspecies electron transfer (mDIET) rather than iron reduction to enhance the methanogenic biodegradation of hydrocarbons. Enrichment of Coriobacteriaceae along with Desulfosporosinus, Syntrophus, Peptococcaceae, Smithella, Methanosaeta, and Methanoregula in magnetite-supplemented FT during hydrocarbon biodegradation suggested their potential role in developing mDIET. These results suggest that magnetite, when present, accelerates methanogenesis and potentially may increase rather than suppress CH emissions from FT, and also suggest the potential use of magnetite to accelerate bioremediation of other hydrocarbon-contaminated anaerobic environments.

Sustainable water management is crucial for reducing environmental impact, improving public health, and contributing to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study introduces a novel hydrogel composite membrane for wastewater treatment and desalination. The membrane was fabricated by cross-linking kappa-carrageenan (κC) with nano-zerovalent iron (nZVI) using polyethyleneimine (PEI) to produce a porous structure hydrogel membrane of high water flux and contaminant rejection via adsorption and reduction processes, leveraging the properties of kappa carrageenan and nZVI. Experiments showed an increased water flux and rejection rate for the hydrogel membrane by increasing the pressure from 10 psi to 30 psi. In initial tests with 2 g/L of NaCl or MgSO, the membrane exhibited 98 % rejection of divalent Mg ions and 90 % rejection of Na ions at 30 psi and 17.98 L/M2H water flux. The hydrogel's contaminant separation mechanisms involve a combination of size exclusion, electrostatic repulsion, and hydrophilic-hydrophobic polarity rejection. Leachate wastewater treatment by the membrane achieved 11 L/mh water flux at 30 psi and an outstanding rejection rate of more than 98 % for divalent ions, such as Li, Pb, Cd, Co, and Cu, and 61 % rejection of organic matter of 165.68 mg/L initial concentration. Due to membrane fouling, the water flux decreased in the second and third filtration cycles, while membrane rejection remained unchanged. The dead-end filtration mode facilitated metal ions recovery at the end of the experiments, recording 68.32 % and 66.31 % recovery for lead and lithium ions. This novel hydrogel provides a promising and sustainable solution for water purification and valuable heavy metals recovery from solutions to support the circular economy.

Cigarette butts (CBs) are widespread hazardous waste contaminating the environment due to the recalcitrance of the filter and the toxicity of the contaminants leached. This paper evaluated through analysis of contaminants and toxicity bioassays on Raphanus sativus seeds, the ability of four fungal strains of white rot fungi to treat cigarette butts, including 2 native strains of Trametes sp. (strains BAFC 4765 and BAFC 4767), one of Irpex lacteus (strain BAFC 4766) and one commercial strain of Pleurotus ostreatus (strain BAFC 2034). Each strain was grown in a medium of water-soaked CBs in axenic conditions at Erlenmeyer-scale during six weeks, analyzing leachate samples periodically by HPLC-MS. Temporal evolution of nicotine as well as the transformations of tobacco alkaloids and other contaminants generated by the different fungal treatments were characterized. Nicotine was degraded significantly by the end of the treatments although variations were found among the fungal strains, proposing a degradation mechanism based on the 12 tobacco alkaloid transformation products identified. Leachates from CBs showed a total inhibition of germination on Raphanus sativus seeds whereas those obtained after 6 weeks of treatment displayed a significant decrease of phytotoxicity (7-20 % inhibition of germination) exhibiting sublethal effects. The results obtained in this work support the development of CBs fungal treatment for waste detoxification on a larger scale.

As a crucial management strategy for crop diseases, pests and weeds, the use of pesticides can also have some adverse effects on plant health. Understanding the specific mechanisms is essential for developing effective mitigation measure. However, most studies on phytotoxicity mechanism have focused on ionic balance and biochemical responses, with little consideration given to pesticide distributions within plants. Herein, symptoms and the underlying mechanisms of fosthiazate phytotoxicity to crops represented by tomatoes were investigated. Necrotic leaf edge and the root inhibition of tomato seedlings was observed after fosthiazate soil applied at the maximum registered dose. Given its high hydrophilicity, fosthiazate dissolved in soil solution was readily absorbed by plant roots and efficiently translocated upward via the transpiration stream, leading to varying concentrations across different organs and thus differential phytotoxicity. As fosthiazate accumulates, it induced plasmolysis, triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, and disrupted photosynthesis, resulting in leaf wilting and necrotic. The interference of sucrose synthesis, transport and metabolism further inhibited root growth. Fosthiazate-loaded microcapsules could alleviate its phytotoxicity by slowing down the release rate. Our findings provided an important basis for the improvement of pesticide application safety and guiding the development of chemicals targets at specific organisms.

Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) have emerged as pervasive contaminants widely documented across diverse environmental systems. Concerns regarding their environmental and human health impacts have escalated. Numerous studies have explored various aspects of the environmental toxicology of MNPs, particularly their effects on marine biota. However, significant knowledge gaps persist, hindering the ability to conduct effective environmental risk assessments for these plastic particles. This perspective highlights the critical aspects of MNPs' environmental toxicology that require advanced technological approaches to track and quantitatively reveal their subtle yet profound impacts. These aspects include ecological contexts extending beyond traditional toxicology, MNPs kinetics (uptake, transformation, and accumulation), modeling for simulating these processes under various scenarios, and identification of specific biomarkers associated with MNPs exposure. The establishment of environmental quality criteria for MNPs, if deemed necessary, will depend heavily on a comprehensive understanding of their behavior, toxicity, and ecological consequences. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of MNPs' environmental toxicology is essential for safeguarding both ecological integrity and human health in the face of this growing global challenge.

The pollution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in urban landscape lakes threatens the aquatic ecosystems and public health. However, a comprehensive understanding of the fate of ARGs in different types of park landscape lakes (i.e., backwater and living water) remains deficient. Here, we profiled the distribution, diversity, origin and potential spread risk to human of ARGs in backwater and living water using metagenomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our results showed higher antibiotic resistance risk presented in backwater due to higher ARG diversity, while higher resistance transfer risk occurred in living water due to higher mobile genetic elements (MGEs) diversity. Source tracking analysis revealed Yellow River water was the main the dominant source of ARGs in both backwater and living water, with an average contribution of 41.06 % and 65.82 %, respectively. Notably, nine high-risk ARGs (such as mdtM and msrA) significantly enriched in human feces, implying possible spread risk from environment to human. Metagenomics binning revealed that MAGs carrying ARGs mainly belong to Actinobacteria, while MAGs carrying MGEs belong to Proteobacteria. Our study highlights the significance of healthy management of park landscape lakes to prevent the spread of resistomes to the public.