Vascular calcifications (VC) are common in patients with chronic kidney disease and present one of manifestations of mineral and bone disorders in these patients.

Liver diseases with disturbances of hepatic and splanchnic circulation lead to the portal hypertension, with or without a portal vein thrombosis.

Infection of synthetic graft in the groin is a rare but devastating complication. When it occurs, several possibilities of treatment are available. Extra-anatomic reconstruction and in-situ implantation of new, infection resistant grafts are associated with high mortality and morbidity. Therefore, more conservative approach is needed in some cases. Negative-pressure wound therapy is one of the options in treating such patients.

Combined use of bevacizumab and conventional anticancer drugs leads to a significant improvement of treatment response in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Conventional treatment protocols exert undesired effects on the liver tissue. Hepatotoxic effects are manifested as a disturbance of liver function test parameters. The relation between clinical outcome and disorder of biochemical parameters has not been completely evaluated.

Osteoid osteoma is a benign osteoid-forming tumor generally localized to the long bones, is rarely localized in the hand and the major symptom is intermittent pain. This study aims to present two patients who were operated on for metacarpal osteoid osteomas.

The idea of isolated organ perfusion, a precursor of cardiopulmonary bypass, came by Legalois in 1812. First isolated organ perfusion was described by Loebell in 1849. The first closed system for oxygenation and returning the blood through arteries was created by Frey and Gruber in 1885. Gibbon Jr. is considered the father of extracorporeal circulation. In spring of 1934 he began constructing a machine for extracorporeal circulation in Boston. He published the first description of this system in 1937. Gibbon won the grant of the International Business Machines Corporation for developing the machine in 1947. Together they developed Model I in 1949 and Model II in 1951. After a few unsuccessful attempts in 1952, the first successful surgical intervention on the heart (closure of atrial septal defect) using cardiopulmonary bypass was performed on May 6, 1953. In 1945, Kirklin and his working group reported on a series of eight successfully treated patients in a row who underwent surgery with extracorporeal circulation. First successful valve surgery under the direct vision was performed by Dodrill in 1952, using his “Michigan Heart” machine as a right heart bypass. Using cardiopulmonary bypass, cardiac surgeons can deal with the complex cardiac pathology and save millions of lives.

Tuberculosis patients are rarely asymptomatic. Acute virus myocarditis presents with a wide range of symptoms, from mild dyspnea or chest pain to cardiogenic shock and death.

Patient’s subjective evaluation of dental appearance and aesthetics is becoming an increasingly important factor in aesthetic treatments and prosthetic therapy.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia associated to hemodialysis is rare. In case when citrate dialysis and/or non-heparin anticoagulants are not available, only possible medication to use for anticoagulation during hemodialysis is fondaparinux. However, laboratory monitoring of fondaparinux based on anti-Xa activity in dialysis patients has not been sufficiently documented yet.

Lipoma arborescens is a rare, tumor-like lesion commonly involving synovial joints and less commonly bursae and synovial tendon sheaths.

Invasive fungal infection is among the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden for patients with acute leukemia after induction of chemotherapy. In the past few decades, the incidence of invasive fungal infection has increased dramatically. Its management has been further complicated by the increasing frequency of infection by non-Aspergillus molds (e.g. Mucorales). Neutropenic patients are at a high risk of developing an invasive mucormycosis with fulminant course and high mortality rate (35–100%).

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent type of liver malignancy. As a carcinogen, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) causes HCC by inducing deoxyribonucleic acid adducts that lead to genetic changes in liver cells and may be the cause of HCC in up to 30% of cases. The incidence of HCC has been on the rise and is an issue in the countries of the Western Balkans.

The hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury (AKI). The major cause of HUS in childhood (>90%) is infection with verocytotoxin (Shiga-like toxin – “Stx”)-producing bacteria, usually enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (VTEC/STEC). The infection may be transmitted by the consumption of undercooked meat, pasteurized dairy products, contaminated vegetables, fruits and water, or by contact with STEC diarrhea. After an incubation period of three to eight days, patients commonly develop bloody diarrhea followed in 5–22% by HUS that may be complicated by central nervous system, pancreatic, skeletal, and myocardial involvement. HUS is one of the main causes of AKI in children in Europe. The management of HUS includes the usual treatment of children with AKI. Transfusion with packed red blood cells is needed in case of a severe anemia, while platelet transfusions are limited to the need for a surgical procedure or in active bleeding. Currently, there is no consensus on the use of antibiotic therapy. Treatment with plasma and/or plasma exchange has not been proven beneficial in STEC-HUS. Eculizumab has been used for the treatment of STEC-HUS, but the value of this treatment remains to be determined. The mortality of HUS is reported to be 3–5%. About 12% of patients will progress to end-stage renal failure within four years and about 25% will have long-term complications, including hypertension, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Transplantation can be performed without increased risk for the recurrence of the disease.

Vasovagal syncope is the most common type of reflex syncope. Efficacy of cardiac pacing in this indication has not been the subject of many studies and pacemaker therapy in patients with vasovagal syncope is still controversial.

Graves’ disease is a multifactorial autoimmune thyroid disease, with the presence of typical circulating autoantibodies that can activate the thyroid hormone receptors, resulting in hyperthyroidism, goiter, and ophthalmopathy. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multi-systemic autoimmune disease that involves almost all the organs of the human body and is characterized by autoantibodies formation. Several studies have reported that autoimmune thyroid and rheumatic disorders can present an unusual relationship.

Effective treatments for osteoarthritis are available, yet little is known about the quality of primary care in the Republic of Srpska for this disabling condition.

Increases in market prices of gold over the last 20 years have led to expansion of basic dental alloys, which, primarily due to their good mechanical properties and acceptable prices, have found their place in everyday dental practice. However, within the procedure of making dental prosthetic restorations, the alloys are melted and cast, which leads to changes in their physical, mechanical and biological properties.

Literature data concerning risk factors for severe influenza in post-2009 pandemic period, from low- and middle-income Central and Eastern European countries are very limited.

Extragonadal intraperitoneal teratomas are very rare, especially those arising from mesentery and mesocolon. In the contemporary literature only 22 cases of such tumors have been published and described.