Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Although smoking and environmental pollutants are the most important risk factors of lung cancer, the role of infectious causes should also be considered in the pathogenesis and progress of lung cancer.

is a commensal fungus that resides on mucosal surfaces and in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts in humans. However, it can cause an infection when the immune system of the host is impaired or if a niche becomes available. Many infections are due to the organism's ability to form a biofilm on implanted medical devices. A biofilm represents an optimal medium for the growth of as it allows cells to be enclosed by a self-produced extracellular matrix (ECM).

The present study was undertaken to analyze the phytochemical content and biological activity of seeds traditionally used in Charsadda, Pakistan against multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens.

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) accounts for hepatitis E infection with relatively high mortality rate in pregnant women that can lead to fulminant hepatitis. The baculovirus expression system (BES) has the capability to produce high-level recombinant proteins and could be useful for vaccine designing.

spp. is a free-living opportunistic protozoan parasites, which can be found in tap, fresh and bottled mineral waters, contact lens solutions, soil etc.

A common mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is the production of beta-lactamase by Gram-negative bacteria. Recently, nonderivative extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) from the TEM and SHV enzymes, such as CTX-M, that were related to different geographical regions have been recognized.

is a common intestinal parasite that has been reported all over the world.

Neutropenia, as a predisposing factor for invasive candidiasis, is defined as a reduction in neutrophil count to less than 1500/mm. It is a common condition in patients with hematological malignancy and cytostatic chemotherapy. Extensive chemotherapy and prophylaxis with antifungals have increased the resistance of isolates to antifungal drugs. Although, is the most common causative agent among neutropenic patients, there is an increasing rate of non- species. Extracellular enzymes activity pattern and antifungal agent sensitivity profiles are two important factors for spreading resistant strains.

Invasive fungal infection (IFIs) is a major infectious complication in immunocompromised patients. Early diagnosis and initiation of antifungal therapy is important to achieve the best outcome.

Resistant is a serious concern for antimicrobial therapy, as the common isolates exhibit variable grades of resistance, involving beta-lactamase enzymes, beside native defense mechanisms.

Quorum sensing is a microbial cell-to-cell communication process. Quorum sensing bacteria produce and release extracellular messenger molecules called autoinducers. Gram-positive and Gram-negative, homoserine lactones, and oligopeptides are autoinducers used to communicate and regulate gene expression.

is one of the major causes of infectious diarrhea worldwide. The distending cytolethal toxin (CDT) of spp. interferes with normal cell cycle progression. This toxic effect is considered a result of DNase activity that produces chromosomal DNA damage. To perform this event, the toxin must be endocytosed and translocated to the nucleus.

The resistance of aminoglycosides in strains that produce beta-lactamase can be developed through the multidrug resistant encoding genes carried by common plasmids. Recently, the association between 16S rRNA methyltransferase resistance and beta-lactamase enzymes carried by the same plasmids has drawn increased attention from researchers, particularly the association in aminoglycoside-resistant strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≥ 256 µg/mL.

In recent years, antibiotic resistance has been indicated as a paramount threat to public health. The use of bacteriophages appears to be a safer alternative for the control of bacterial infections.

Against a variety of antimicrobial resistant pathogens, the scientists attempted substitution of antimicrobial medicine with various nanoparticles and plant-based antibacterial substances.

Outer membrane protein D (PD) is a highly conserved and stable protein in the outer membrane of both encapsulated (typeable) and non-capsulated (non-typeable) strains of . As an immunogen, PD is a potential candidate vaccine against non-typeable (NTHi) strains.

is one of the most common causes of latent infections in humans worldwide. Detecting anti- antibodies in serum using serological tests is a common method to diagnose toxoplasmosis.

Antibiotic resistance among is of great concern worldwide. This resistance is further complicated by the ability of to confer cross-resistance to other antibiotics due to the presence of resistance genes, such as erythromycin resistance methylase () genes, which render the bacterium resistant to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) antibiotics. Resistance to these antibiotics can lead to therapeutic failure, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in patients with infections.

Due to the overuse of antibiotics in livestock as a growth-promoting agent, the emergence of multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria is becoming a concern.

Research to understand and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance has become a public health priority.