Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common cardiac disease in dogs. Appropriate diagnosis and staging can be performed by means of an echocardiographic examination. Early disease stages might be accompanied by valvular insufficiency and, in more advanced phases, by cardiac dilatation. A correct diagnosis of this preclinical phase and identification of cardiac enlargement should be carried out in order to advise appropriate medical treatment. When echocardiography is not available or declined by the dog's owners, alternative methods to identify the disease and predict clinically relevant cardiomegaly, can be performed. Among these, cardiac auscultation and assessment of heart murmur intensity, cardiac dimensions obtained by thoracic radiography, by means of vertebral heart size, and cardiac biomarkers, in particular N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), can be carried out as single tests or in combination, in order to identify dogs with increased risk of congestive heart failure, and needing an early treatment with pimobendan. In particular, a heart murmur intensity ≥3/6 (moderate or louder), a vertebral heart size ≥11,5 units obtained from a latero-lateral thoracic radiographic view, and plasma concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide value > 1100 pmol/l, are findings that might suggest presence of clinically relevant cardiomegaly with a good specificity. A practical algorithm to guide clinicians in managing dogs with suspicion of valvular disease has been created, starting from clinical examination, and using the aforementioned additional tests in order to advise the appropriate controls and therapy.

Limited information currently exists concerning donkey husbandry and health in Switzerland. Within the framework of this study, Swiss donkey owners, veterinarians, and official veterinary offices were surveyed online to obtain information on current husbandry and feeding practices, health care, and status of Swiss donkeys and to clarify the need for further education in this area. A total of 705 owners with 1463 donkeys, 141 veterinarians, and 19 official veterinary offices were included in the study. Most owners kept their donkeys in run-in shelters (73,9 %) with access to pasture (98,3 %). Of all donkey owners, 42,7 % kept their donkey without direct contact with a conspecific. One in three donkeys (32,8 %) were reported to be overweight with age, breed, and certain husbandry conditions significantly associated to this condition. Only 15,9 % of all donkeys received regular preventive healthcare (including tetanus vaccination, deworming, routine preventive dental maintenance, and hoof trimming). Laminitis and hoof abscesses were among the most frequently observed diseases by owners (7,3 % and 12,1 %, respectively, based on individual animal observations), veterinarians (76,6 % and 68,1 %, respectively, based on an estimate of the frequency of the disease in the patient population) and official veterinary offices (63,2 % and 15,8 %, respectively, based on an estimate of the frequency of the disease on the farms inspected). In contrast, dental disease and asinine metabolic syndrome were less often reported by owners (2,5 % and 0,7 %, respectively) compared to veterinarians (56,7 % and 34,8 %, respectively) and official veterinary offices (26,3 % and 26,3 %, respectively), possibly due to underrecognition of these conditions by owners. Most donkey owners (54,0 %), veterinarians (85,1 %), and official veterinary offices (79,0 %) were interested in more education opportunities relating to donkey husbandry and medicine. Targeted education will be the most efficient way to raise awareness of species-appropriate husbandry and medical care and should be encouraged more in Switzerland.

Dermal melanoma is a common neoplastic disease in horses, which occurs particularly in gray horses. There are various local and systemic therapeutic approaches to treat this skin tumor. Vaccination with human tyrosinase, ONCEPT ® vaccine, is a newer type of systemic melanoma therapy. In this study, the effectiveness of this ONCEPT ® vaccine was retrospectively examined in eight treated horses. In half of the horses (4) a positive change in tumor growth in the sense of retardation, stagnation and, in one of these horses, even reduction in the size of the melanomas was observed. Of the remaining four horses, no change was found in three horses and an acceleration in growth was found in one horse. Half of the treated animals (4) showed side effects associated with the vaccine, three had mild and one moderate to severe side effects.

A retrospective data analysis was performed on 17 eyes from 13 horses which underwent a sub-Tenon's injection to facilitate phacoemulsification or pars plana vitrectomy under general anesthesia between 2018 and 2022. All procedures were performed by the same veterinary ophthalmologist. Seven eyes received a sub-Tenon's dose of 7 ml lidocaine (XylocainÒ, 2 % lidocaine hydrochloride, Germany, Aspen Germany GmbH), and 10 eyes received 7 ml mepivacaine (MepinaestÒ purum 2 %, mepivacaine hydrochloride, Switzerland, Gebro Pharma GmbH). Statistical analysis compared onset and duration of globe centralization and pupil mydriasis between the two groups. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were also assessed. Mepivacaine had a significantly later onset of action regarding globe centration and mydriasis (8,9 minutes vs. 6 minutes), but also a significantly longer duration of globe centration than lidocaine (31,5 minutes vs. 15,6 minutes). There were no statistically relevant differences between solutions regarding duration of pupil dilation (40,4 minutes for 2 % lidocaine vs. 69,2 minutes for 2 % mepivacaine). Chemosis occurred in all 17 eyes. Surgical complications included corneal epithelial defects (5), retinal detachment (5), lens opacification (5), temporary blindness during recovery (3) and glaucoma (2). Sub-Tenon's anesthesia is a feasible alternative to systemic neuromuscular blockade and retrobulbar block anesthesia for surgical procedures on the equine globe. A controlled prospective in vivo study is needed to further evaluate effects and risks.

The impairment of mental health among veterinary professionals has raised public awareness in recent years. The driving forces include a serious gap in veterinary services - with less available veterinary colleagues, especially in rural areas - and a general lack of veterinary graduates. This article presents the results of our first Swiss survey on psychological well-being in the veterinary profession. Our results are viewed both in the current context and in the context of developments that have already taken place in other medical disciplines. Results indicate higher levels of stress in veterinarians working as clinicians, in female colleagues, in veterinarians of younger age and veterinarians under employment. In the meantime, larger surveys such as the Vétos Entraide (https://vetos-entraide.com) were established in France and projects such as the Happy Vet project (https://happyvetproject.org) were launched in Switzerland for eg. the burnout prevention in the profession. However, the topic of «mental health» remains highly relevant in veterinary medicine and requires further research and measures, which should consider the identified predisposing factors, such as age and gender.

Semi-feral, free-roaming Konik polski horses are used in some European countries for preserving semi-open pasture landscapes. The estimation of their health status is still limited by insufficient data on various blood parameters. Therefore, our study aimed at the sex- and age-dependent analysis of haemogram and selected biochemistry parameters in healthy, semi-feral Koniks. In order to reach this aim, we took blood samples from 53 female and 18 male (8 uncastrated, 10 castrated) Koniks living in two Middle German nature reserves. They were of different age (9-266 months) and without signs of illness. Blood samples were analysed by an accredited laboratory. We identified age- but not sex-dependent changes in the white blood cell count (WBC). Higher age mainly caused a decrease in lymphocytes. Therefore, WBC correlated negatively and granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio positively with increasing age. Serum values of selected biochemical parameters did not depend on age but showed some sex-related differences. In this regard, serum total protein, triglyceride and the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase and g-glutamyltransferase were higher in males than females. However, the sex dependency of these enzymatic activities was restricted to uncastrated males. They also showed higher serum values for calcium and selenium than castrated males or all females. As far as the respective group sizes permitted, we then calculated age- or sex-dependent reference interval values for all parameters analysed. These values improve now the estimation of the health status of semi-feral, free-roaming Konik horses and provide a stable basis for future studies.

Veterinary students suffer from increased psychological stress compared to the general public and are increasingly affected by manifest mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety disorders, as well as an increased prevalence of suicidal thoughts. Additionally, veterinary students tend to ignore signs of mental distress and do not seek support for their mental health issues. This impaired mental health is also evident in fully trained veterinarians, who, among other things, have the highest suicide rates of all medical professions. In our survey, we examined a total of 428 veterinary students at the two veterinary faculties of the Universities of Zurich and Bern. The survey was carried out across all six years of the curriculum as a cross-sectional survey using standardized questionnaires on resilience, sense of coherence and depression. In all years, the students showed increased levels of depression compared to the general public, and the salutogenic parameters of resilience and sense of coherence were also reduced. The constellation with increased depression, reduced resilience and reduced sense of coherence was particularly accentuated in the second and third year. The increased affective stress on students presents itself as a consistent condition, which - if you look at studies on fully trained veterinarians - continues into their working life together with a reduced ability to cope. The low number of participants in the higher years of study and the high number of female study participants could limit the generalizability of the results. In addition, the data was collected in spring 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have influenced the results. Active counteracting, for example by integrating the teaching of protective behavior such as mindful self-compassion and resource-oriented behavior such as mind-body techniques, therefore appears to be recommended in the veterinary training curriculum from the first semester onwards. Various measures to support students have been introduced since 2021, such as events on learning strategies, a mentoring system and seminars on mental health.

Recently, a new hereditary disease, bovine lymphocyte intestinal retention defect (BLIRD), was discovered in Holstein cattle in France and is caused by a variant in the Integrin subunit beta 7 (ITGB7) gene. The altered cell adhesion molecule resulting from this point mutation is responsible for an impaired tissue of CD4 T lymphocytes from the blood to intestinal tissue. The aim of this study was to assess the allelic frequency of this deleterious variant in the local Holstein population and to clinically examine ten BLIRD-affected Holstein cattle from Switzerland in order to characterise the phenotype of this new hereditary disease, which is still unknown to the veterinary community. BLIRD was associated with severely impaired animal health in the rearing phase and significantly reduced animal welfare due to weakened immune defences, below-average development and recurrent diarrhoea. Further examinations revealed increased leucocyte values and a slightly increased average age at first calving. Affected homozygous animals are labelled internationally as BLIRD-carrier homozygous (LRS), BLIRD-carrier heterozygous (LRC) and BLIRD-free (LRF). An obvious inbreeding practice was clearly demonstrated by the pedigree analysis of the ten animals, which all trace back to the potential founder bull. Herein, BLIRD has been detected and described in Switzerland for the first time. The ITGB7 variant allele has a frequency of 2,1 % in the current Swiss Holstein population, which is below the level of the cholesterol deficiency (CD)-associated apolipoprotein B (APOB) variant allele with a frequency of 3,9 %. Although relatively rare, attention should be paid to the BLIRD genotype when mating in order to exclude further affected animals. In cattle with clinically suspected BLIRD, the diagnosis should be confirmed by genetic testing.

The aim of the present study was to determine the views and thoughts of dog owners in Türkiye on animal welfare. The research material consisted of data obtained from face-to-face surveys with 172 randomly selected dog owners. Half of the dog owners (54,7 %) were aware of the concept of animal welfare, and almost two-thirds (61,6 %) organized their dogs' living spaces according to animal welfare principles. Participants most associated the concept of animal welfare with the concept of animal quality of life (47,7 %). Gender (p.

The novel Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been associated in the past years to different porcine diseases, including reproductive failure. The potential occurrence of PCV-3 in abortions from Swiss pig herds has not been investigated so far. Thus, we conducted a retrospective study on pig aborted cases submitted to our laboratory in the University of Bern during the last 10 years with the main aim of investigating the possible presence of PCV-3 in foetal and/or placental tissue. Twelve out of the 53 studied cases showed mild histopathological changes as previously described in PCV-3 positive cases. However, in none of the cases, PCV-3 genetic material could be detected in the examined formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. In only one third of the cases, a cause for the abortion was found, which is similar to other studies. Our survey suggests that PCV-3 was not involved in the porcine abortion cases submitted over the last decade at our institution in Switzerland.

Essential oils are secondary metabolites of aromatic plants and are used in phytotherapy to treat various diseases. In the present study, eight selected essential oils - ajwain oil (Trachyspermum ammi L.), fennel oil (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare var. vulgare), thyme oil chemotype (ct.) thymol (Thymus vulgaris L.), tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel.), oregano oil (Origanum vulgare L.), mountain savory oil (Satureja montana L.), lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.) and eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) -were examined for their antibacterial effect against Pasteurella (P.) multocida and Mannheimia (M.) haemolytica isolates from deep nasopharyngeal swab samples of fattening calves using agar diffusion and microdilution. All eight essential oils were effective against the tested isolates. Lemongrass oil proved to be the most potent of all eight essential oils, while fennel oil was only weakly effective. Different antimicrobial effects were observed between the two research methods. The effectiveness of ajwain, thyme, oregano and mountain savory oils was comparable in agar diffusion. However, this could not be reproduced using the microdilution method. P. multocida was found to be more sensitive to all essential oils tested than M. haemolytica. This study shows that the tested essential oils have antimicrobial in-vitro effects on P. multocida and M. haemolytica isolates and that the examination method is associated with the test result.

Pigs without intestinal receptors for F4 fimbriae are congenitally resistant to F4 fimbriae-bearing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4). In general, 50 % and 100 % of piglets born to resistant (RR) sows crossed with hetero- or homozygous susceptible (SR, SS) boars, respectively, are susceptible but do not receive colostral antibodies against F4 fimbriae unless the sows have been vaccinated. The question arises as to whether resistant sows produce protective amounts of F4 antifimbrial antibodies after vaccination. The serum and colostrum antibody titres of 12 resistant and 12 susceptible vaccinated gilts were compared. The effect of the receptor status of the dam and sire on the preweaning performance of 5027 piglets was evaluated using Agroscope's recordings. The sows of the experimental herd, where ETEC F4 was circulating, were vaccinated against ETEC twice during the first pregnancy and once during each following pregnancy. The log2 transformed F4 antibody titres in the serum obtained after the second vaccine injection as well as in the colostrum of the 12 resistant animals were lower than the titres of the susceptible animals (serum: F4ab 11,19 ± 1,44 vs. 12,18 ± 1,33, P = 0,096; F4ac 10,03 ± 1,58 vs. 11,59 ± 1,43, P = 0,019; colostrum: F4ab 12,20 ± 2,41 vs. 14,02 ± 1,31, P = 0,033; F4ac 10,93 ± 2,46 vs. 13,03 ± 5,21, P = 0,006). The heat labile enterotoxin (LT) antibody titres after vaccination did not differ between susceptible and resistant animals (p > 0,10). Preweaning mortality in the offspring of RR sows × SS boars was slightly lower than in the offspring of SS sows × RR boars (P = 0,04), suggesting that the disease risk of susceptible piglets born to vaccinated resistant sows was not increased, even though they received colostrum with a slightly reduced content of antibody against F4 fimbriae.

Ovine foot rot is a highly contagious and multifactorial claw disease, caused by Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus) and is the main cause of lameness in sheep. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of D. nodosus in western Austria both at animal and farm levels. Real-time PCR was evaluated in comparison with clinical and bacteriological investigations from interdigital foot swabs to detect D. nodosus-infected animals. In addition, the use of pooled four-foot swabs to detect foot rot was determined. In course of the study a total of 3156 sheep from 124 farms were examined for lameness and clinical signs of foot rot. The found flock prevalence of D. nodosus was 30,65 % with bacterial culture showing a sensitivity of 75,0 % and a specificity of 100,0 % (p < 0,001) respectively, compared with PCR. Furthermore, clinical foot rot scores (Ckorr = 0,87; p < 0,001) and lameness scores (Ckorr = 0,71; p < 0,001) highly correlated with the detection of D. nodosus by PCR. The result showed that the clinical examination can be used to identify animals infected with D. nodosus in flocks, but PCR must be used to confirm the diagnosis. D. nodosus could be detected equally well with risk-based pools-of-five samples as with undiluted samples (p < 0,001), suggesting that a pool-of-five samples might be a suitable and cost-effective method for detecting D. nodosus in sheep flocks. This study provides an overview of foot rot in Tyrolean sheep flocks and outlines the possibilities and limitations of the various diagnostic tools for D. nodosus. Further studies to investigate possible influencing factors, including alpine pasturing, management factors and biosecurity predisposing to foot rot are necessary for the design of effective future control programs in alpine regions.

The brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) is a diagnostic approach to examine the hearing system of horses objectively. The aim of this BAER examination was the diagnosis of conductive or sensorineural hearing loss or deafness in horses with external otitis, head trauma, headshaking, tinnitus or skittish horses with eye disease. Brainstem dysfunction is induced by intracranial hypotension. BAER was used in horses with colic surgery which had a low arterial blood pressure during general anesthesia. The endoscopic finding of the guttural pouch was the ipsilateral mild to severe hypertrophy of the tympanostylohyoideum in horses with external otitis or head trauma. The otoscopic examination of standing sedated horses was done before BAER. The cartilagineous and osseous part of the external ear canal in horses with external otitis were obstructed with exsudate and tympanic membranes were not visible. Horses with right sided external otitis: right moderate to severe conductive hearing loss (significantly prolonged latencies of I, III, V and interpeak latencies I-III, I-V, III-V; thresholds of hearing levels 60 to 80 dB right); horses with left sided external otitis: left severe conductive hearing loss (no correct identification of BAER peaks, latencies not measurable, 80 dB); horse with left sided head trauma: severe left sided conductive hearing loss (blood in the left external ear canal, no visible tympanic membrane, no correct identification of BAER peaks, latencies not measurable, 80 dB); horses with head shaking: mild sensorineural hearing loss on both sides (on both sides osseous parts II/III with keratin scales of the junction, visible tympanic membranes, significantly prolonged V, I-III, I-V, 40 dB); moderate to severe skittish horses with chronic eye disease (mostly left sided equine recurrent uveitis): moderate sensorineural hearing loss on both sides (normal otoscopical findings, significantly prolonged latencies and interpeak latencies left; I-V, III-V right, 60 dB, pathological involvement in the auditory pathway of the brainstem between the cochlear nucleus and colliculus caudalis); horse with a tinnitus on both sides: mild sensorineural hearing loss on both sides (normal otoscopical findings, prolonged V, I-III, I-V, III-V, 40 dB, pathology of auditory nerve, cochlear nucleus and above the level of this nucleus); American paint horses: sensorineurale deafness on both sides (normal otoscopical findings, absent BAER peaks, isoelectric lines and 80 dB on both sides). The prolonged latencies of I, III and V including interpeak latencies I-III only left and I-V and III-V on both sides in horses with laparotomy during general anesthesia were associated with low arterial blood pressure (62 mmHg, median). These findings could demonstrate a hypotension in the brainstem too. The BAER could be a technical tool during general anesthesia for normalizing the arterial blood pressure and brainstem function to prevent imbalance of body movements after general anesthesia.

The aim of this retrospective study is to describe and compare conservative and surgical treatment of navicular fractures in horses. An attempt is made to identify critical points that can favorably influence the prognosis of this orthopedic disease. All horses treated for a navicular fracture at the Equine Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich between 2005 and 2017 were included in this study. The severity of lameness at initial examination, radiographic assessment, hoof conformation, treatment (conservative or surgical), complications and outcome were determined from the medical records. Conservative and surgical treatment consisted of stable rest, a controlled exercise program and therapeutic orthopedic shoeing. During surgical treatment, fracture reduction was also carried out with a cortical screw. Computer assisted surgery were used in five horses and computer tomography in three horses. Follow-up examinations included clinical and radiographic examinations. The outcome was divided into three categories: 1 = very good; 2 = good; 3 = poor. Twelve horses met the inclusion criteria; Four horses were treated conservatively and eight were treated surgically. After conservative treatment, two horses (50 %) had a very good outcome and two (50 %) had a good outcome. After surgical treatment, four horses (50 %) had a very good outcome and four (50 %) had a poor outcome. Overall, 67 % of horses had a very good or good outcome, although radiographic signs of bone healing was not present in any of these cases. Various complications were identified, such as the fracture of a screw, the fragmentation of the small navicular bone fragment, the development of osteoarthrosis in the coffin joint and progressive podotrochosis. This study shows that the prognosis of navicular fractures is generally cautious and that degenerative changes to the navicular apparatus worsen the prognosis. In the present study, surgical treatment did not improve the prognosis of navicular fractures despite the intrasurgical use of three-dimensional imaging. However, technical advances could reduce the complication rate in the future.

Two six-month old female Lacaune lambs with severe skeletal malformations of both front limbs were presented to the Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich. The clinical examination showed alert animals with a high body weight and body condition score as well as a valgus deformation without pain or swelling. Radiographic examination showed severe irregularities in the epiphysial plate of the metacarpal bones in both lambs. Delayed growth in the lateral aspects of the physis was evident and resulted in valgus deformation. Nutritional causes were considered as the main reason for this presentation and a nutritional consultation was performed by the Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Zurich. The estimated energy intake of these lambs was 65 % higher than the recommended maximum for growing sheep and the estimated vitamin D content of the diet was 71 % below the recommended allowance. Both animals were euthanized, and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) was performed postmortem to measure total bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone mineral density (tBMD) and cortical bone mineral density (cBMD) of the left and right metatarsal bone of both animals. The BMD and the tBMD at 10 % of bone length were below the reference values and the BMD at 50 % was above the reference values. In addition, postmortem examination revealed a Salter-Harris-Typ-1 facture in the right caput humeri of one lamb. Histological evaluation showed defects in the articular cartilage with an eburnation in the metacarpal region and a disrupted area of columnar cartilage. This case report supports the fact that a high dietary energy intake leads to damage to the cartilage and the epiphyseal zone in sheep. In addition, insufficient dietary vitamin D intake contributed to the incomplete bone mineralization, as well as delayed growth and skeletal malformation.

Feeding raw meat is becoming increasingly common among dog owners. This feeding practice can pose a hygienic risk and can lead to health risks for dogs and their owners. Hygienically sound food rations, that are balanced in terms of all nutrients and energy, must be feed to breeding dogs. The aim of this study was to record the influence of raw feeding on the occurrence of mastitis, metritis and the survival of puppies. An online questionnaire was sent to kennel club registered dog breeders in Germany and Switzerland. A total of 531 litters were recorded and evaluated. Mastitis and/or metritis were present in 9,2 % and 2,8 % (n = 49 and n = 15, respectively) of the breeding bitches. 29 % (n = 154) of the breeders reported loss of puppies in the litter. The most common cause were stillbirths (n = 105 litters with 187 stillborn puppies), and/or early mortality (n = 50 litters with 73 puppies that died in the first 48 hours). The occurrence of puppy losses in the litter and/or a higher proportion of puppy losses in the litter was favored by increased body weight of the bitch in larger dog breeds, existing previous illnesses, previously reported gestation or postpartum problems, increasing length of the parturition phase and/or a cesarean section. A higher total number of surviving puppies was associated with increased weight and anamnestic reported health of the bitch and the use of milk powder instead of other milk substitutes. A relationship between raw feeding and the occurrence of mastitis, metritis, the total number of surviving puppies and/or the occurrence or proportion of pup losses in the litter and was not found in this study. However very few breeders in this cohort fed their bitches raw, which in turn was due to the random selection of breeders. Many years of breeding experience and the increasing parity of the bitch had a clearly positive influence on the health of the bitch.

Two Angus calves housed in the Swiss Alps for two months were presented with brisket edema, jugular distension, and diarrhea. Hematological and biochemical examination included elevated concentration of erythrocytes and increased activity of liver enzymes. Ultrasonography revealed small amount of pleural effusion hepatomegaly and congested caudal vena cava. The diagnosis of congestive heart failure secondary to high-altitude disease was confirmed in pathology.

Incisor malocclusion in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a common clinical problem seen in general practice. Given that the growth rate is about 2 mm per week, a lack of wear quickly leads to feeding difficulties and soft tissue injuries. Therefore, pathologically elongated incisors must be shortened every three to six weeks. The goal of this study was to assess the potential adverse effects on dental and periodontal tissues associated with the three most commonly used trimming methods: nail cutter, diamond-coated cutting disc and diamond burr. The left mandibular incisor of 28 healthy New Zealand rabbits was subjected to four trimmings with one of the three cutting methods. After the fattening period, the mandibles were collected and both mandibular incisors were investigated on dental radiographs, micro-computed tomography scans and histological sections. Dental and periodontal tissue changes were evaluated. This study allowed a more accurate statement of the potential short-term adverse effects of the three trimming methods. At the clinical level, the nail cutter caused the formation of an irregular occlusal surface with sharp edges. Both engine-drive methods allowed the attainment of a smooth surface but the disc was less accurate. Histological evaluation revealed that the primary modifications, including coronal fractures, periodontal ligament widening and inflammation, reparative osteodentine, paracementosis and biofilm accumulation, were found in the nail cutter group.

This case report describes the long-term success of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass device in a dog for treatment of a ureteral obstruction. The suspected xanthine urolithiasis was secondary to treatment with allopurinol for leishmaniasis. The dog presented initially with lethargy, anuria and abdominal pain. Mild azotemia was found on biochemical analysis and abdominal ultrasound revealed bilateral ureteral obstruction. A subcutaneous ureteral bypass was subsequently placed using a standard surgical technique. The dog recovered uneventfully and the azotemia resolved within days. Follow-up examinations were performed every trimester for over three years and no complications like obstruction of the bypass tubes, urinary tract infection or azotemia were recognized during this follow-up period. Allopurinol was replaced with domperidone as long-term treatment against Leishmaniasis which resulted in a mild increase of the leishmania serum antibody titer. The subcutaneous ureteral bypass placement was successful and safe in this dog and is a valuable alternative in cases of ureteral obstruction also in dogs.

Five cases of ovarian tumors (granulosa cell tumors) in cattle are presented from the patient load of the Vetsuisse University of Zurich and Bern. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the variable development of the illness and to indicate diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities to the practicing veterinarians. Case 1 shows bilateral appearance and the development of malignancy and metastases. The main symptoms in case 2 were the development of the mammary gland in a juvenile animal and the behavior modification due to a hormonal imbalance. The cases 3, 4 and 5 underwent surgery, case 4 restarted reproductive activity resulting in five subsequent pregnancies. The initial presumption is a result of a gynecological including ultrasonographic examination and can be verified by the analysis of Müllerian Inhibiting Hormone in serum. The decision to perform surgery should be done rapidly, as normal fertility can be achieved if the tumor is located unilaterally. Tumor growth and potential malignancy can provoke fatal health issues and also make it impossible to use meat of these animals for consumption.