Juvenoids are juvenile hormone (JH) mimetics, with specific structural features and defined molecular size that disrupt the target insect development. Juvenoid activity (= JH-type activity) of various isoprenoid-based derivatives as insecticidal candidates of the insect growth disruptors (IGDs) type were rated against the house fly, L. The epoxidized decenyl and nonenyl phenyl ether derivatives have more active compounds than those of both parent alkoxidized or olefinic structures. The highest juvenoid potency was shown by 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl ethers of 8,9-epoxy-5,9-dimethy1-3,8-decadiene. Qualitative structure-activity relationships are offered to relate the chemical structure criteria to observed juvenoid-related activity. Differences in activity among the reported isoprenoid-based derivatives were qualitatively rationalized. This study advances understanding of the structural qualifications and activity determinants of isoprenoid juvenoids, which is important for the development of new filth flies eco-friendly insecticides.

Investigations were conducted to establish the magnitude and pattern of differential expression of proteins due to generational selection of third instar An. gambiae s.s. larvae by cadmium, copper and lead heavy metals, three possible common urban pollutants.A susceptible strain of An. gambiae s.s. third instar larvae was separately placed under selection pressure with cadmium, copper and lead at LC(30) and controls through five generations. First, third and fifth generation selection survivors were screened for differentially expressed proteins relative to non-exposed control by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Distribution patterns of the spots were analysed by Chi Square or Fishers exact test and variations in expressions between and within generation by ANOVA. Most differentially expressed spots were acidic and of low molecular weight among all metals and generations. Type of heavy metals and generation were main indicators of variations in differential expressions. Variation between generations was most significant among cadmium-selected populations of which most number of spots were induced in the fifth generation. Most spots were induced in the copper-selected population in the third generation. The induced protein spots may be products from respective genes that respond to heavy metals and counter their toxicity, thus building An. gambiae s.s. tolerance to these pollutants. The differential pattern and magnitude of expressed spots has potential application as molecular markers for assessment of anopheline adaptation status to heavy metals, and provide insight into the extent of environmental pollution.

New data on bat ectoparasites from Mindoro Island, Philippines are reported. Eighty-three individuals of ectoparasitic insects representing seven species of Nyc-teribiidae and fve species of Streblidae (both Diptera), and one species of Ischnopsyllidae (Siphonaptera) were recorded from 11 bat species captured in Naujan Lake National Park, Mindoro Oriental Province, Philippines. is a new record for the country. Eight species are also newly recorded for Mindoro Island, including and Five species are newly documented on various hosts: on , on on , on and on

The recent advancement in genome sequencing facilities, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics of eukaryotes have opened door for employment of molecular diagnostic techniques for early detection of parasites and determining target molecules for formulating control strategies. It further leads to the introduction of several purified vaccines in the field of veterinary parasitology. Earlier, the conventional diagnostic methods was entirely based upon morphological taxonomy for diagnosis of parasites but nowadays improved molecular techniques help in phylogenetic study and open an another area of molecular taxonomy of parasites with high precision. Control measures based upon targeting endosymbionts in parasites like is also under exploration in veterinary parasitology. Metagenomics have added an inside story of parasites bionomics which have created havoc in human and animals population since centuries. Omics era is playing a key role in opening the new approaches on parasite biology. Various newer generations of safer vaccines like edible vaccines and subunit vaccines and diagnostic techniques based upon purified immunologically active epitopes have become commercially available against the parasites (helminths, protozoa and arthropod borne diseases). Nowadays, a transgenic and gene knock out studies using RNA interference and CRISPR are also helping in understanding the functions of genes and screening of target genes, which are not available before the advent of molecular tools. Molecular techniques had paramount impact on increasing the sensitivity of diagnostic tools, epidemiological studies and more importantly in controlling these diseases. This review is about the advancements in veterinary parasitology and their impact on the control of these pathogens.

The (Int J Trop Insect Sci) is a peer-reviewed journal established in 1980 to promote insect science mainly in the tropics. This study aimed to provide a Bibliometric overview of Int J Trop Insect Sci publications and citations between 2012 and 2020, ending September 2020. A sample of 488 documents extracted from the Web of Science (WoS) was analysed using widely used bioclimatic indicators. The articles were written by 1726 authors. During this period, the most productive authors comprised S Roy, followed by S Ekesi, S Subramanian and M Tamo. The dominant keyword was 'resistance', followed by 'Homoptera'. India took a leading position in Single Country Publications (SCP) while Kenya took the lead in Multiple Country Publications (MCP). Bibliometric analysis reveals vibrant collaboration between African and Western countries and active publication of multi-country authored articles. We conclude that there is an increasing trend for collaboration among different countries on the general topic of insect science. Research in insect science has the potential to impact both academic researchers and practitioners the knowledge use chain. This study will help researchers, journal editors, science policy makers managers, and others working in the biodiversity space and potential research gaps needing for further studies.

After the tropical storm Cristobal, we performed special adult entomological collections in the peri-domicile of 35 houses from 25 neighborhoods of Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico in response to complaints from the community about an increased nuisance due to an abundance of mosquitoes. A total of 1,275 specimens from four genera and 13 species were collected: (92%), (72%), (72%), (36%), (32%), (24%), s (24%), (8%), (4%), (4%), (4%), (4%), (4%). From these collections, the increased mosquito nuisance was mainly the result of invasive species such as and . City wide, vehicle mounted ULV spraying was performed by the MoH and the municipality of Merida to control adult mosquito populations. We report for the first time in Merida and for the state of Yucatan.

is the main vector of dengue in the Americas and is also a transmitter of urban yellow fever arboviruses, Zika, and Chikungunya, all of which have substantial economic impacts on the affected countries. Through mathematical models, the influence of climatic factors on the oviposition of was determined. The data were collected in the city of Apucarana, Paraná State, using oviposition traps. Daily data were submitted to a negative binomial regression model (p < 0.05). The analyses were performed using the R statistical program to determine the climatic factors that most influenced oviposition. A Poisson regression showed that the variables temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and precipitation significantly increased the number of eggs. However, using the semi-normal probability graph with a simulation envelope, it was determined that the Poisson regression model was not adequate to explain the relationships between the variables. Thus, a negative binomial regression model was used, which overcame the problem of overdispersion, and showed that only temperature affected the increase in the number of eggs, where an increase of 1 °C was expected to result in a 54.03% increase in the number of eggs.

A 10-day trial was conducted to compare the production and fatty acid composition of black soldier fly () larvae (BSFL) when grown without or with cardboard supplementation at 2.2% on a dry weight basis. The final biomass of BSFL or waste reduction was not significantly impacted by cardboard. The fatty acids of C10 and C22:6n-3 were significantly higher in BSFL in the cardboard treatment, but crude lipid significantly reduced. The leftover BSFL frass had significantly higher sulfur, zinc, manganese and boron at the expense of lower nitrogen (91.2% versus 8.73% in control versus cardboard, respectively). These preliminary results appear to indicate that the growth and nutritional value of BSFL were not adversely compromised while the frass can be enhanced by adding relatively small amounts (2.2%) of cardboard. Further studies could be conducted to investigate the implications of higher inclusion levels.

Sub-Saharan Africa still bears the greatest forms of malnutrition. Attention is shifting to the use of edible insects in forms which are acceptable to people irrespective of their social status and level of civilization in efforts to alleviate protein malnutrition. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) caterpillars emerge seasonally in the coastal part of Kenya and despite their rich nutritional profile, their consumption is low. This study was thus undertaken to evaluate the effect of substituting wheat flour with caterpillar flour at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% substitution levels on the nutritional composition and sensory properties of wheat muffins. Substituting wheat flour with caterpillar flour resulted in significantly high protein, fat and fibre contents of enriched wheat muffins. There was also an increasing trend in the ash, minerals and tocopherol content. protein digestibility significantly decreased from 10 to 20% substitution levels. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the carbohydrate contents of enriched wheat muffins. The sensory scores for colour, texture, aroma and the overall acceptability of wheat muffins decreased with increasing substitution levels. At 10% substitution level, wheat muffins had significantly higher nutritional content than control wheat muffins (0%) and were comparable to muffins enriched with 5% caterpillar flour in terms of overall acceptability. Thus, enriching wheat muffins with caterpillar flour at 10% substitution level has the potential to contribute to improved protein nutrition since they have a higher protein content than the control wheat muffin and are 88.8% digestible (in vitro).