Substance use disorders (SUDs) pose a significant public health concern. Preliminary research suggests benefits of physical activity (PA) for individuals receiving SUD treatment. However, current PA interventions have limitations, particularly regarding PA maintenance, due to motivational issues among people with SUDs. Our co-designed intervention is the first to target PA motivation for sustaining PA in individuals with SUDs. We employed the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) to co-design an intervention to increase PA motivation and support PA maintenance among people in residential SUD treatment. The BCW process involved semi-structured interviews with people with lived or living experience (n = 5) and stakeholders (n = 5) from Western Australian SUD treatment facilities and five advisory group meetings with members of the same population. Following the BCW process, we conducted a behavioural diagnosis, selected intervention functions and behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and determined modes of delivery for the intervention. Our behavioural diagnosis highlighted the need for tailored PA programs. Further, knowledge, accessibility, encouragement, role models, and routine or the lack thereof were identified as barriers and facilitators for PA motivation and PA maintenance. Barriers and facilitators were considered when selecting suitable BCTs and modes of delivery. This process resulted in a 12-session face-to-face intervention. The intervention is based on Motivational Interviewing principles and will be delivered in individual and group sessions. By integrating insights from interviews and advisory group discussions with evidence-based strategies, we co-designed a multi-dimensional PA intervention to address motivational barriers to PA maintenance for adults with SUDs.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between lab- and field-based response inhibition tasks and their associations with taekwondo athletes' on-field performance. Twenty-eight senior high-school taekwondo athletes were recruited to participate in this study. Athletes' on-field performances were evaluated by three experts (i.e., national-level coaches) using a 5-point Likert scale based on the observations of regular training and competitive performances. Further, all athletes completed a series of physical fitness and skill tests, as well as response inhibition tasks measured in the lab (i.e., the go/no-go task) and the field (i.e., the go/no-go task designed using BlazePod™ technology). The results revealed that, although a significant correlation was found between lab- and field-based response inhibition measures, only the field-based go/no-go decision-making performance correlated with expert-rated on-field performance. Specifically, this measure was found to be a stronger predictor of on-field performance than anthropometry, physical fitness and taekwondo-specific skill performance. In sum, our findings suggest that using field-based measures for assessing response inhibition offers a greater predictive power for real-life performance, which may be more beneficial for other practical applications.

Communication among teammates can influence sport experiences of athletes, including burnout. This might occur through sharing of burnout perceptions, fostering development of burnout perceptions in teammates (i.e., contagion). Contagion of burnout may depend on communication frequency with teammates as well as intrapersonal social constructs like loneliness, which can impact attentiveness to or interpretation of communication from others. Our study purpose was to (a) examine if exposure to teammate burnout predicted athlete burnout later in the season and (b) examine if loneliness moderated this relationship. Twice across their season, adolescent softball and baseball athletes (N = 176; 15 teams) completed two network questions about the frequency of speaking with teammates and closest friends on the team, respectively, and established measures of loneliness and burnout. Hierarchical linear regression models were estimated, one for each network question, for global burnout and burnout dimensions. Initial burnout perceptions (βs = .58-.72, ps < 0.001) predicted burnout perceptions at time two. Loneliness (βs = .15-.20 p ≤ 0.05) predicted global, exhaustion, and reduced accomplishment burnout perceptions at time two. Exposure to teammates' global burnout (β = .12, p ≤ 0.05) predicted global burnout perceptions at time two. Exposure to closest friends' burnout did not predict burnout at time two and loneliness did not moderate exposure-burnout relationships. Results offered some support for burnout contagion among adolescent athletes through spoken communication with teammates at practice. Future work should examine communication content to assess if and how particular messages from teammates contribute to athlete burnout perceptions.

Regular exercise can be beneficial for people living with a severe mental illness. By better understanding the perspectives and challenges of adults with severe mental illness who are engaged in exercise, we can enhance the design and implementation of exercise programs to better support their mental health and recovery. Nineteen adults (aged 19-73 years) were recruited from transdiagnostic mental health services and local disability services in Western Australia. Patients had engaged in structured exercise services within last 6 months as part of the treatment and/or management of their mental illness. Thematic analysis was used to understand participants' experiences and health outcomes. Participants described themes relating to their exercise experience including establishment of human connection, routine and purpose, and emotional experiences in exercise. Exercise engagement was perceived to improve acute and sustained mental health effects, and behavioural replacement. Patients reported better symptom management, replacing harmful behaviours with positive ones, and reported gains in overall physical health and personal strength. Our findings demonstrate the importance of incorporating the voice of those with lived experience to better understand how exercise impacts their health, treatment, and recovery outcomes. This research has provided valuable insights for clinicians and researchers to develop sustainable client-centred interventions, that may improve health outcomes for this population.

The Dual Continua Model (DCM) views mental health and mental illness as two separate but related constructs. The current study was designed to assess the factor structure and concurrent validity of this DCM with an intercollegiate sport sample. The 2022 Canadian cohort (N = 345; 65% female) of the National College Health Assessment completed the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form, the Kessler K6, the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale, and the UCLA Loneliness Scale. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of obliquely related factors of mental health and illness showed strong fit of the model to the data (CFI = 0.997; RMSEA = 0.027). ANOVAs comparing different sub-groups within the DCM showed that resilience and loneliness differed among groups according to their levels of mental health and/or illness in manners consistent with the model.

Designing representative learning tasks requires a theoretically informed sampling of key performer-environment interactions. This study sampled the constraints from basketball to create a representative environment by examining the effect of a defender on the shooting performance of skilled female basketballers. Participants performed a one-on-one defended shooting task and an undefended shooting task. Temporal variables were recorded during each shooting task, and a sample of the cohort completed a focus group to gain qualitative insights into each testing condition. Results found that the defended condition caused a decrease in shooting accuracy and shot execution time, with an increase in ball flight time and jump time compared to the undefended condition. Within-subject variability increased in the defended condition for jump time and shot execution time, suggesting that the presence of the defender prompted players to change their movements. Shooting accuracy in the defended condition showed a high correlation to the shooting accuracy exhibited in competition statistics. Qualitative data revealed three themes; affective-cognitive response, sampling to design representative practice tasks, and shooting as an adaptive skill. Introducing a defender into a shooting practice task created a more representative activity that influenced the players' shooting technique and accuracy. The players adapted to the presence of a defender by executing their shot faster, increasing jump time, and increasing the flight time of the ball. Sampling key performance constraints to create defended situations may encourage a more adaptable technique, resulting in greater skill transfer from training to in-game performance.

Physical exercise is known to aid stress regulation, however the effects of specific exercise types are under-researched. Dance uniquely combines several characteristics that are known to have stress regulatory effects, such as music listening. Nonetheless, dance has received only little attention in studies examining the stress regulatory effects of exercise.

This study investigates cognitive processes in sports anticipation, specifically the influence of deceptive versus genuine actions on evidence accumulation and the roles of athletic expertise and prior information.

This study aims to investigate the roles of perceived behavioral control (PBC), action planning, and coping planning in bridging the gap between exercise intention and behavior. By using a Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Model (MASEM), we quantify the specific effects of these variables and explore their mediating roles in the relationships between intention, PBC, and behavior. The study provides insights into how these constructs contribute to informing effective behavioral intervention strategies.

Exercise is considered an effective treatment for improving central symptoms of depression. However, the antidepressant effects of exercise on specific central features in adults with depression and the optimal exercise prescription remain unclear. The present review aimed to explore the impact of exercise on emotion regulation (ER) and executive function (EF) among adults living with depression as well as the moderating effects of exercise prescription characteristics.

The ability to achieve a state of readiness before upcoming tasks, known as a preparatory set, is critical for athletic performance. Here, we investigated these preparatory processes associated with inhibitory control using the anti-saccade paradigm, in which participants are instructed, prior to target appearance, either to automatically look at the target (pro-saccade) or to suppress this automatic response and intentionally look in the opposite direction (anti-saccade). We focused on microsaccadic eye movements that happen before saccade responses in either pro- or anti-saccade tasks, as these microsaccades reflect ongoing preparatory processes during saccade planning before execution. We hypothesized that athletes, compared to non-athletes, would demonstrate better preparation, given research generally indicating higher inhibitory control in athletes. Our findings showed that microsaccade rates decreased before target appearance, with lower rates observed during anti-saccade preparation compared to pro-saccade preparation. However, microsaccade rates and metrics did not differ significantly between athletes and non-athletes. Moreover, reduced microsaccade rates were associated with improved task performance in non-athletes, leading to higher accuracy and faster saccade reaction times (SRTs) in trials without microsaccades. For athletes, only SRTs were affected by microsaccade occurrence. Moreover, the modulation of microsaccadic inhibition on accuracy was more pronounced in non-athletes compared to athletes. In conclusion, while microsaccade responses were modulated by task preparation, differences between athletes and non-athletes were non-significant. These findings, for the first time, highlight the potential of using microsaccades as an online objective index to study preparatory sets in sports science research.

Self-pacing physical exercise is thought to rely on high-order cognitive processing (e.g., attentional control to monitor afferent cardiovascular feedback for exercise goals). Therefore, performing a cognitive task during a self-paced exercise could lead to cognitive-physical interactions. We explored cognitive-physical interactions by applying time-domain Granger Causality (a correlation analysis that uses a temporal series of one variable to improve the prediction of values in a temporal series of another variable given its past values) to data that combined 20 min of indoor self-paced high-intensity cycling and a Sustained Attention to Response cognitive task, and to data that combined 30 min of indoor self-paced high-intensity cycling and a stimulus-response conflict task. Moreover, we explored whether greater experience in cycling would reduce the need for exerting cognitive attentional control and therefore dual-task effects. The results showed that the experienced cycling group (i.e., at least 4 days of weekly cycling training in the last 3 years) demonstrated better overall physical performance than the non-experienced cycling group (i.e., at least 4 days of weekly training in another endurance sport different to cycling in the last 3 years), while no evidence of differences in cognitive performance was obtained. The results also showed that reaction times and power output interacted bidirectionally in a reduced sample of experienced cyclists and non-experienced cyclists. Hence, cognitive-physical interactions may not be excluded for every single high-fit athlete, irrespective of their particular exercise experience. Our study highlights the value of GC to investigate cognitive-physical interactions during self-paced exercise at the individual level.

The role of executive function (EF) in expert sport performance has become a popular topic in sport and exercise psychology research. Research in this area often adopts the unity/diversity framework of EF (i.e., inhibition, shifting, and updating). However, recent investigations into the suitability of this unity/diversity model, and other competing models (e.g., the nested model of EF), has questioned whether this model is suitable for across all populations (e.g., athletes). The aim of the present study was to use confirmatory factor analysis to outline the most suitable EF model in a sample of athletes. In total, 131 participants with varying levels of athletic expertise completed two inhibition, shifting, and updating tasks. All analyses were performed in RStudio. The results revealed the nested model of EF provided the best fit to the data indicating its suitability for athletes. Acceptable fit was also found for the unity/diversity mode of EF. Overall, the results suggest that, despite recent criticism of the nested model and unity/diversity framework of EF, such structures appear to be suitable for use with athletic populations.

The dualistic model of passion presents two important variables in the maintenance of physical exercise throughout life: harmonious passion and obsessive passion. Understanding whether the latent structure of these variables is better represented by classes (categorical) or factors (dimensional) can yield both theoretical and practical benefits. The objective of our study was to test, using taxometric analysis, whether these are dimensional latent variables (present in all exercisers, varying only in level) or categorical (present only in some exercisers). In a community sample of 1143 Brazilian exercisers with ages ranging from 18 to 71 years (M = 33.17; SD = 11.86), we conducted taxometric analysis using three non-redundant procedures at multiple base rates. Our results indicated the dimensionality of both harmonious and obsessive passion, which means that both are present, to some degree, in all exercisers. Evidence for harmonious passion was weaker due to high within-group correlations between the indicators. These findings can aid in the refinement of the construct and its measures, as well as in planning strategies to promote physical exercise by increasing levels of harmonious passion and preventing/treating exercise dependence through interventions aimed at reducing obsessive passion.

Children in out-of-home care participate in less organised sport than children from other household structures, potentially reducing opportunities for improvements in social, developmental, and health outcomes. Despite this, little is known about barriers and facilitators of sport participation for children in care. We aimed to explore carers' perspectives on the influences on children in care's participation and experiences in organised sport. We interviewed 26 foster and kinship carers and analysed data through a reflexive thematic analysis approach. We identified five themes regarding participation and experiences in sport for children in care. Carers reported that (1) children in care's vulnerability, resulting from past traumatic experiences, left them feeling uncertain in their environment and 'different' to other children. Carers also described (2) the importance of their own values, and (3) the difficulties they face in navigating challenges related to out-of-home care. Finally, they discussed (4) how other people in sporting environments, and (5) overarching systems and entities, significantly impact children in care's participation and experiences in sport. Our study extends existing literature by amplifying the voices of foster and kinship carers to deepen our understanding of the influences most critical for children in care's participation and experiences in sport. Based on our findings, we encourage prioritisation of sport within policy impacting children in out-of-home care, and greater flexibility among sporting organisations to support children in care's needs. Further consideration of the interactions between intrapersonal, familial, and environmental factors influencing children in care's participation and experiences in sport is required.

Regular physical activity is important for physical and mental health. Despite the benefits, over 30% of the global population do not meet the World Health Organisation (WHO) physical activity guidelines, with the risk greater for women, especially during reproductive years, compared to men. However, women of this age face many barriers to participation and there are significant gaps in our understanding of the impact of psychological and social adversity on participation levels. This study aimed to identify adversity factors associated with physical inactivity or reduced activity.

The purpose of the study was to examine on-campus physical recreation engagement as a student-life activity for supporting post-secondary student psychosocial well-being, physical activity (PA) guideline adherence, and academic achievement among post-secondary students. The study aimed to: (1) test a comprehensive model examining associations between engagement in on-campus physical recreation, psychosocial well-being outcomes (campus climate, social support, loneliness, psychological distress), PA guideline adherence, and academic achievement; and (2) explore model differences in the associations among students living with and without a mental health condition. Cross-sectional data from the national spring 2023 Canadian Campus Well-Being Survey were used. The analytical sample included 9575 students (M = 23.17 years; 48 % White; 65 % women; 29 % with a mental health condition). Based on findings from structural equation modeling, physical recreation engagement was directly associated with PA guideline adherence, social support, psychological distress, and loneliness. PA guideline adherence, social support, and campus climate were also directly associated with psychological distress, loneliness, and academic achievement. Physical recreation engagement was indirectly associated with more favourable outcomes in academic achievement, psychological distress, and loneliness through higher levels of social support. Physical recreation was indirectly associated with lower levels of psychological distress and loneliness through PA guideline adherence. Exploratory multi-group invariance analyses supported no model differences in the structural associations among students with a mental health condition. Promising targetable processes for supporting student psychosocial well-being through physical recreation engagement are provided. Theoretical and practical implications for informing whole-campus preventive well-being strategies centered on physical recreation among post-secondary students are discussed.

This study investigates the effects of acute aerobic exercise on the encoding and consolidation processes of emotional memory in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD).

Outdoor swimming for both leisure and physical exercise is a fast-growing activity in the United Kingdom. However, research into the perceived effects of outdoor open water swimming on psychological well-being is limited. Considering the inherent combination of physical activity, leisure, and nature immersion, the notion of outdoor swimming as a potential activity in the social prescribing initiative to enhance psychological well-being was investigated. Guided by Ryff's (1989) six core dimensions of psychological well-being, ten swimmers who frequently swim recreationally in the sea (n = 5) or freshwater bodies (n = 5) around the UK were interviewed via Microsoft teams. Interviews explored the perceived influence of recreational outdoor swimming in the sea and in freshwater bodies on swimmers' psychological well-being. Interview data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. A combination of inductive and deductive analytic approaches enabled findings pertaining to the six dimensions of PWB to be identified (deductive analysis), as well as novel findings (inductive analysis) derived from the data through open coding. Two broad themes were identified following inductive analysis, motivation and enablement. Motivation to swim outdoors aligned with social prescribing objectives, including swimming for leisure, exercise, time alone, company, and connection to nature. Findings also indicated the enablement of emotional regulation through meditation, reflection, and escape when outdoor swimming. It enabled pain relief through cold water exposure, and psychological well-being aligned with the six dimensions outlined by Ryff (1989). Findings illustrate the potential benefits of outdoor open water swimming for psychological well-being and its possible utility in the social prescribing agenda.

Action anticipation is crucial for athletes, enabling them to make the most accurate decisions possible under time constraints and significantly impacting sports performance. This study systematically consolidates key findings from research on action anticipation in sports using the temporal occlusion paradigm to achieve the following five objectives: (1) quantifying the magnitude of the advantage of sports experts in action anticipation; (2) examining whether this expert advantage transfers to familiar and unfamiliar sports and, if so, quantifying its magnitude; (3) testing whether methodological manipulations significantly affect the quantification of action anticipation abilities; (4) reviewing whether temporal occlusion training can improve action anticipation abilities; and (5) inferring the relationship between action anticipation scores in the laboratory and actual movement performance in sports. We identified 111 original articles from databases including Web of Science, APA PsycInfo, PubMed, and Cochrane Library for qualitative analysis. Of these, 127 effect sizes contributed by 100 studies were analyzed using a three-level meta-analysis to achieve objectives (1) to (3), and 12 studies were included in a systematic review to achieve objectives (4) to (5). Corresponding to five objectives, our data indicate that: (1) The magnitude of the advantage of sports experts in action anticipation is strong (Hedges' g = 1.15, 95 % CI [0.97, 1.33], p < 0.001). (2) This expert advantage neither transfers to familiar sports nor unfamiliar sports. (3) Commonly used manipulations, such as stimulus size, response mode, participant selection, and sport category, in the temporal occlusion paradigm consistently yield substantial effects. (4) Temporal occlusion training can improve action anticipation abilities. (5) A small to moderate correlation exists between action anticipation scores in the laboratory and actual movement performance in sports. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the crucial role of action anticipation in specific sports performance.

Although researchers have recently started to investigate naturally occurring parent-child interactions in youth sport, the use of orthographic transcription, combined with video coding or thematic analysis, overlooks the interactional features resulting in researchers potentially over-simplifying such interactions. The purpose of the current study, therefore, was to examine the naturally occurring parent-child interactions which unfold during the post-competition car journey within British tennis. Specifically, the research questions focused on identifying the parental communicative practices that constrain or afford affiliative and productive conversations about children's tennis performance. Audio and video recordings were collected from 13 parent-child dyads (n = 26) resulting in 4h 26mins of parent-child interactions. These recordings were transcribed using the Jefferson (2004) system for capturing the production, pace, and organisation of social interaction. Conversation analysis revealed that children resisted or disengaged from the interaction when parents attempted to review their child's performance by highlighting problems or areas for improvement. However, when children initiated conversations about their own performance, and parents aligned with such invitations, extended sequences of affiliative talk unfolded, irrespective of the result or outcome. From an applied perspective, these findings highlight the importance of post-competition discussions being a child-initiated and child-driven interactional practice which promotes ownership of their tennis development and performances.

Decision making is a critical skill for sports officials, often directly influencing the flow and fairness of a match. While this topic has received considerable interest in the literature, a synthesis of current evidence to understand the effectiveness of decision-making training interventions remains unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of decision-making interventions in team sport officials.

Accurate time estimation is crucial for performance in dynamic sports environments, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In particular, the effects of periodic moving stimuli and different time intervals on time-to-contact (TTC) estimation have been overlooked. This study examines these effects in tennis athletes, providing insights into the cognitive mechanisms of temporal processing in dynamic sports contexts.

In table tennis, the sounds of ball-racket impacts provide meaningful cues for identifying the rotational features of the ball, but the contribution of environmental auditory information to table tennis striking performance is still unclear. This exploratory study investigated the role of auditory information as cues for table tennis striking. Eleven elite varsity table tennis players performed forehand push and topspin-drive strokes to return oncoming balls under three information conditions: normal, visual-only with earmuffs and white noise, and auditory-only with goggles occluding vision. The time intervals between impact sounds were analyzed between the two types of oncoming balls. The percentage of successful trials, the in-bounds rate, the kinematics performance of the racket and the ball and movement time lags were analyzed between conditions for push and topspin-drive strokes, respectively. The participants could pick up the distinguishable cues through auditory perception, enabling them to perform push and topspin-drive techniques correctly in the auditory-only condition. However, participants initiated movements later, reduced movement times and distances, and exhibited higher variability of movement time lags when only relying on auditory information. Deprivation of auditory information affected the speed of the racket and the ball at the termination of movement. The elite players could identify the spatial outcome of the oncoming ball by detecting auditory cues. Eliminating their auditory information affected their perception-action coupling, although this information did not play a dominant role in striking.

This systematic review aimed to 1) update the existing evidence on the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise (AE) in youth. 2) Investigate any potential dose‒response relationships between AE interventions and depressive symptom reduction. 3) Provide evidence-based insights to inform future research and clinical depression treatment.

While short bouts of exercise are known to improve cognitive and academic performance in children, the underlying neural mechanisms driving these changes remain unclear. This study evaluates the effects of short (9-minutes) acute bouts of exercise (high intensity interval exercise, HIIE; moderate-intensity cycling) on error-related negativity (ERN), and academic achievement. School-aged children (n = 25; ages 9-12) participated in a within-subjects, crossover design, completing one of three conditions (HIIE, moderate-intensity cycling, and seated rest) on three separate days. ERN was measured using electroencephalography (EEG) during a flanker task. Academic achievement tests were completed following only HIIE and seated rest. HIIE significantly reduced ERN amplitude compared to both cycling and seated rest conditions, suggesting improved neural efficiency in error processing. Children also exhibited improved word recognition fluency following HIIE, with a positive trend observed for decoding fluency. These findings suggest that HIIE sessions can enhance neural markers of error processing and academic performance in children. Further research is necessary to explore the long-term effects and potential for broader cognitive improvements resulting from regular integration of HIIE interventions for children.

In this longitudinal study, we examined the trajectories of sport and school burnout symptoms (exhaustion, cynicism, inadequacy) during the transition to lower secondary sport school among Norwegian student-athletes aged 13-14 years (n = 265; 58,5% males, 41,5% females). We also investigated how student-athletes' gender and individual success expectations, and their parents' reported levels of affection and success expectations, were associated with different burnout trajectories. Student-athletes completed associated questionnaires at the beginning and end of the first school year, while parents completed questionnaires at the end of the school year. Linear mixed models showed that sport and school burnout symptoms increased over the school year. Females reported higher baseline levels of sport burnout, and males lower baseline levels of school burnout. Low individual success expectations were associated with higher baseline levels of sport and school burnout, and increase in school burnout symptoms over time. High parental success expectations were associated with lower baseline levels of school-related exhaustion. Sport inadequacy increased for student-athletes whose parents reported either affection levels and success expectations that were either both high or both low. The results suggest that it is important that sport schools take the dual pressure student-athletes may experience into consideration, and provide them with adequate support during the transition to lower secondary education. In addition, interventions aimed at increasing parental knowledge of beneficial and harmful ways of involvement in student-athletes' lives are needed to facilitate student-athlete wellbeing.

Learning a visuomotor adaptation task (VMA) is typically assessed by describing the behavioral changes during adaption (early-fast and late-slow phases) and retention (consolidation) tests. Few studies have concurrently examined behavioral and brain activity during this type of learning and therefore their time-dependent dynamics is unknown. It has been proposed that two distinct strategies can be used during such learning: a model-free and a model-based, which distinctively involved explicit and implicit learning strategies. It has also been proposed that prefrontal cortex (PFC) is more implicated when explicit processes are more relevant as it was observed in the early adaptation (Taylor & Ivry, 2014; Wolpe et al., 2020). Additionally, an explicit model-based strategy has been inferred when prefrontal (PFC) activity increases. Therefore, the study's aims were: (1) to examine the continuous temporal dynamics of behavior and right PFC activity during adaptation and retention of a VMA, and (2) to infer the implication of explicit processes during the learning of a VMA derived from right PFC activity. Eighteen young adults (24.22 ± 3.12 years) took part in this study. Continuous measures of the performance (the initial directional error, IDE, and the root mean square error, RMSE) of a rotational visuomotor adaptation task during an adaptation (AD) and two retention sets at 1 h (RT1) and 24 h (RT24) were collected. Concurrently, measures of the right PFC activity (relative changes of the oxyhemoglobin concentration, [ΔOHb]) were registered via a three-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy device. General linear mixed models were run to explore differences across adaptation and retentions. Also, cross-correlations between performance (IDE and RMSE) and PFC activity were conducted to observe their relation during sets. The main results indicated that (1) initial fast behavioral improvement (decrease of IDE and RMSE) did not occur simultaneously with the largest increase of the [ΔOHb] in the PFC during the AD, and (2) there was similar performance in the RT1 and RT24 but possibly involving the PFC differently. While in both retentions the errors improved after the first trials, in RT1, the [ΔOHb] decreased from the very beginning, whereas the PFC activity initially increased in RT24. Our observations would suggest that various cooperating learning strategies, including model-free (i.e., exploratory) and model-based explicit (i.e., strategy) and implicit (i.e., sensory prediction errors), are coordinated in different timings to cooperate during the sensorimotor adaptation and consolidation processes. Furthermore, the involvement of these strategies during the retention may depend on the time elapsed from the end of the adaptation to the re-introduction of the task.

Branded as 'the sport of fitness', CrossFit is well known for its physical benefits, but the benefits may extend far beyond general fitness. Through the lens of positive psychology, we focused on a global CrossFit community to examine the potential psychological and workplace benefits behind this popular exercise program. Results showed that the frequency of CrossFit participation each week significantly predicted well-being and positive Psychological Capital (PsyCap). Additionally, both well-being and PsyCap mediated the relationship between weekly frequency and employee engagement. Our findings show support for benefits in frequent weekly CrossFit participation that reach far beyond physical health. This research underscores CrossFit's multifaceted benefits and encourages organizations to incorporate CrossFit into employee wellness initiatives. It also paves the way for further exploration into the complex impacts of physical fitness on psychological and organizational health.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity levels and approach-avoidance behaviors, to promote physical activity and provide a theoretical basis for national fitness. The study examined both approach-avoidance behaviors and the influence of affective valence in the approach-avoidance task. Two experiments using approach-avoidance tasks programmed in E-prime were conducted. Experiment 1 employed a 2 (physical activity level: high, low) × 2 (image type: physical activity, sedentary) mixed design, and Experiment 2 used a 2 (physical activity level: high, low) × 2 (physical activity image types: positive, negative) mixed design. The analysis of approach tendencies revealed that: (1) individuals with high physical activity levels exhibited a stronger tendency to approach physical activity images (p < 0.05), with no significant difference observed for sedentary images (p = 0.72); (2) high physical activity individuals demonstrated a stronger tendency to approach positive images of physical activity (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed for negative images (p = 0.78). The analysis of approach-avoidance behaviors indicated that: (1) high physical activity individuals more quickly approached physical activity images (p < 0.001) and avoided sedentary images (p < 0.05); (2) high physical activity individuals more quickly approached positive images of physical activity (p < 0.05). The study demonstrated a clear relationship between physical activity levels and approach-avoidance behaviors, showing that individuals with high physical activity levels exhibited more positive approach tendencies and behavioral responses toward physical activity-related stimuli. These findings have important implications for designing and implementing effective physical activity promotion strategies to combat global physical inactivity.