Our aim is to explore silymarin's protective effects against endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) modulation and elucidate potential enriched pathways through in silico analysis of silymarin-associated PERK protein interactors in cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury.

This study aimed to determine the differences in cranial measurements in three sub-adult populations in Malaysia using multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) data.

The Nutcracker phenomenon (NC-P) is the entrapment of the left kidney vein (LKV) between the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal portion of the aorta. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of significant left renal vein compression in a healthy population.

Geographic tongue is an oral lesion with an unknown etiology. Recently, the Geographic Tongue Area and Severity Index (GTASI) has been proposed to assess the area and severity of geographic tongue, aiming to measure the clinical severity of the condition. However, this index does not account for the histopathology, which vary based on the clinical stage of the lesion and the biopsy area. The present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between GTASI score and its histopathological features.

Glial cells are indispensable components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), exerting diverse regulatory functions crucial for neuronal health and function. From myelination and synaptic modulation to immune regulation, glia actively participates in maintaining PNS homeostasis and responding to pathological insults. Further elucidating the roles of glial cells in peripheral nerve disorders holds promise for developing targeted therapeutic interventions to alleviate symptoms and improve patient outcomes. This article reviews the multifaceted functions of PNS glia in shaping nervous system function and their intricate involvement in various neuropathologies, including peripheral neuropathies, neuroinflammatory conditions, and gastrointestinal disorders. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of glial dysfunction offers opportunities for developing targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving nerve function, attenuating neuroinflammation, and restoring gastrointestinal homeostasis. The expanding research on PNS glia underscores their indispensable roles and highlights the potential of therapeutic strategies targeting glial dysfunction in revolutionizing the management of nervous system disorders, offering hope for improved patient outcomes and quality of life.

Wormian bones (WB) originate from accessory ossification centers and occurr irregularly within cranial sutures. They are common, however some authors claim that in particular cases WB may reflect the developmental instability. Since males are more susceptible to environmental disturbances (which can lead to developmental instability), it is crucial to establish the possible discrepancy in WB appearance among sexes. The aim of study was to examine the sexual differences in WB presence.

The cerebral arterial circle variants are well-described due to their clinical significance for neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists.

The treatment of hand soft tissue defects primarily relies on flap reconstruction. However, traditional venous/arterial free flaps have several disadvantages, including damage to the donor site, blood stasis, cyanosis, blister formation, and even necrosis. These issues can significantly affect patient recovery and outcomes. Therefore, there is a need for alternative approaches that minimize these complications and improve overall patient treatment.

The leg interosseous membrane (LIM) stabilises the tibia and the fibula. These two bones articulate at the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints. In addition, the LIM is the place of attachment of tibialis anterior muscle, extensor digitorum longus muscle, fibularis tertius muscle (anatomical variant), tibialis posterior muscle and flexor hallucis longus muscle. The specific structure of the collagen fibre network of the LIM provides durability comprising collagenous fibres that are predominately projected longitudinally, obliquely, and often transversely.

Marsupials have a narrower range of forelimb morphological features than placental mammals. It is hypothesized that this is due to a constraint in the reproductive biology of marsupials. The constraint is that newborn marsupials must crawl into their mother's pouch. However, anatomical knowledge of the brachial plexus in marsupials is scarce and has not been discussed. In the present study, the purpose is to examine the anatomy of the brachial plexuses of a koala, a Tasmanian devil, and a common ringtail possum and to discuss the brachial plexus of marsupials with reference to the previous reports.

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a grave life-threatening situation, if not treated well in time. The development of natural remedies for myocardial I/R injury has witnessed dramatic growth in the last decade. Prompted by the above, in the present study, we have elucidated the pharmacological effect of Perakine (PER), an indole alkaloid in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in type 2 diabetic rats. The model was established by inducing diabetes in experimental rats followed by the development of myocardial I/R injury model of isolated rat heart by the use of improved Langendorff retrograde perfusion technology. Results of the study suggest that PER significantly lowered the infarct size and infarct volume, and improvement in cardiac ability (LVSP, ±dP/dtmax, and heart rate). It also showed a significant lowering of cardiac biomarkers (CK, CK(MB), ALT, AST, and LDH) in a dose-dependent manner as compared to unprotected IR rats. The level of oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, and GSH) was also found lowered in IR rats together with a reduction in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α). The anti-inflammatory acting of PER on IR rats is believed to be linked with the reduction of TNF-α, NF-κB, and TLR4 in both RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. Our research showed that Perakine could potentially alleviate cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by blocking the TLR4/NF-κB signaling cascade.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is devastating diseases affecting the degeneration of the spinal column, and vascular problems. However, the currently available therapeutic interventions are insufficient to address the effect of SCI which leads to significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of patients. In the present manuscript, we intend to investigate the pharmacological effect of geraniin on the SCI in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.

For many years, teaching of anatomy has been based on traditional forms of teaching, but innovative solutions are currently being implemented on a large scale around the world. The COVID-19 pandemic and distance learning have influenced the development of new technologies in teaching.

It is unclear whether the development of the branches of the subclavian artery is dependent on the proximal part of this artery since great vessel formation is partially regulated by haemodynamic stress. For example, the vertebral artery that usually arises from the subclavian artery might be affected by anomalies in the aortic arch branches. This uncertainty is partly due to the limited reports of highly anomalous cases of proximal and distal branching morphologies. Here, we report an Adachi-Williams type CG plus H aortic arch case found during student dissection and discuss the development of the cervicothoracic circulation.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurological illness causes cognitive decline and mortality if not treated early. However, the current therapeutic modalities are inefficient to manage the cognitive dysfunction of AD. Therefore, in the present manuscript, we have enumerated the pharmacological benefit of Poliumoside in the Streptozotocin-induced cognitive dysfunction in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.

The study presents one of the six scapulohumeral muscles, which occupies most of the osteofibrous infraspinatus compartment. Along with the supraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis muscles, the infraspinatus muscle contributes to the rotator cuff. It protects the posterior aspect of the articular capsule of the shoulder joint, adducts and externally rotates the arm. The aim of the study was to perform the quantitative analysis of the infraspinatus muscle in human fetuses and to elaborate growth dynamics for its morphometric parameters.

To study the anatomy of the Chinese occipital condyle and its position relative to the occipital foramen and skull.

This study aimed to investigate whether the presence of two palatal roots on permanent maxillary second molars (MSMs) can affect the crown size and crown's buccolingual and mesiodistal diameters.

Using a Siemens-Biograph 128 mCT camera the morphometric analysis of the L4 vertebral body and its ossification center were done in 55human fetuses aged 17 to 30weeks. No sex differences were found. The mean height, transverse and sagittal diameters of L4 vertebral body followed the logarithmic functions: y = -11.797+ 5.208 × ln(age) ± 0.372, y = -23.462 + 9.428 × ln(age) ± 0.702, y = 2.770 + 13.521 × ln(age) ± 1.722, respectively. The mean cross-sectional area of L4 vertebral body followed the linear function: y = -30.683 + 1.976 × age ± 2.701. The mean volume of L4 vertebral body followed the second-degree polynomial function: y = -93.983+ 0.385 × (age)² ± 23.707. The mean transverse and sagittal diameters of the ossification center of L4 vertebral body followed the natural logarithmic function: y = -27.106 + 10.178 × ln(age) ± 0.769 and y = -13.345 + 5.458 × ln(age) ± 0.424, respectively. The mean cross-sectional area and the volume of the ossification center of L4 vertebral body followed the linear function: y = -30.683 + 1.976 × age ± 2.701 and y = -43.214 + 2.760 × age ± 4.085, respectively.

The lymphatic system is composed of lymphoid organs/tissues and a complex network of lymphatic vessels that transport interstitial fluid, antigens, lipids, immune cells, and other materials in the body. There is growing evidence that lymphatic vasculature is associated with many pathological conditions such as lymphedema and cancer progression and metastasis. Thus, improved understanding of the anatomical features, the molecular profile and the function of the lymphatic vasculature may provide innovative approaches for disease prevention and treatment. This article aims to present a comprehensive review of the gastric lymphatic anatomy and its importance in the pathology, treatment and prognosis of gastric carcinomas.

Mast cells are mononuclear cells originating from bone marrow. They produce various biologically active substances, which allow them to actively participate in immune and inflammatory processes associated with intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging. This research focused on distribution and density of mast cells in healthy skin in different stages of skin aging.