Small-molecule biomacromolecules target tumor-specific antigens. They are employed as theranostic agents for imaging and treatment. Intravenous small-molecule radioligands exhibit rapid tumor uptake and excretion. However, systemic administration for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy still lacks the therapeutic index to completely treat solid tumors beyond palliation. We study intra-arterial delivery with tumor embolization of a small molecule as a means to deliver local intertumoral brachytherapy for curative internal ablation.

To study the feasibility and value of assessing patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO) in 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) orbital single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) with extraocular muscle maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax).

The objective of this study was to investigate the utility of preoperative 18F-FDG PET/CT scanning in preoperative evaluation and surgical planning for pulmonary tuberculosis.

Treatment with radioactive drugs (molecular radiotherapy, MRT) is an option for selected children with neuroblastoma and neuroendocrine cancers. As few hospitals are appropriately equipped and staffed to provide paediatric MRT, many families have to travel long distances from home for prolonged periods. To improve professional understanding of the challenges faced by children receiving these treatments and their parents, and to help them appreciate the difficulties faced by professionals in delivering complex treatments, a meeting bringing together parents, patients and professionals was held. Ten people (five parents of children with neuroblastoma, two parents of children with neuroendocrine cancers, two adults who had received treatment for neuroendocrine cancers in childhood and one adult treated for neuroblastoma) gave personal perspectives of treatment with MRT. Three professionals from different disciplines involved with this treatment and research to improve its results gave their views on the administration of MRT, and how treatment outcomes might be improved. Fifteen people, including parents and professionals, contributed to the general discussion. Following the meeting, a questionnaire was circulated to those attending to capture their overall views, and any reflections they may have had after the meeting. Whilst many positive comments and compliments were received, this report focuses on the reported challenges and difficulties. The event is an example of meaningful Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement and has resulted in development of better information resources, strategies to mitigate inconveniences experienced and a standing group of advocates to advise on research design and acceptability.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk of adverse cardio-cerebrovascular events. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prognostic predictors over 5 years in patients with CKD including haemodialysis.

Prediction of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status and subtypes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) based on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/computed tomography (CT) radiomics features.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with distinct metabolic alterations in the brain, which are detectable via 18F-FDG PET. This study aims to delineate glucose metabolism patterns and network topology changes across early- and mid-stage PD patients.

The study aim was to evaluate whether reducing bed position acquisition time would result in significant detriment to image quality. Secondary aims were to compare effect of time of flight (TOF) and Q.Clear reconstructions and patient BMI on image quality. Fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT performed in 30 patients on a new scanner at our institution between March and May 2024 was retrospectively evaluated. Four PET reconstructions were performed: (a) 1 min 45 s TOF, (b) 2 min TOF, (c) 1 min 45 s Q.Clear, and (d) 2 min Q.Clear. For qualitative analysis, four maximum intensity projection images were evaluated side-by-sideusing a five-point visual score (1 = non-diagnostic, 5 = excellent). For quantitative analysis, liver signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated. A statistically significant reduction in visual score occurred when reducing bed position time from 2 min to 1 min 45 s (mean TOF scores 0.24 reduction, P = 0.0002; mean Q.Clear scores 0.04 reduction, P = 0.02. There was also a statistically significant difference in liver SNR when reducing bed position time. Deterioration in image quality was minimised when bed position acquisition time was reduced if Q.Clear construction was utilized. This could facilitate increased scanning capacity without clinical detriment.

[64Cu]Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab represents a novel immunopositron emission tomography (immunoPET) agent with emerging diagnostic applications in human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-expressing breast cancer (BC). This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the current diagnostic utilities of [64Cu]Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET/computed tomography (CT) and explores tumor uptake metrics in HER2-positive BC lesions. A systematic literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Ovid databases was conducted using relevant keywords to identify eligible studies. Of the 123 articles reviewed, six met the inclusion criteria. Qualitative data analysis was applied to all included studies. Several promising utilities were identified, including [64Cu]Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab's capacity to detect HER2-positive primary BC lesions, lymph nodes, and distant metastases. Additionally, [64Cu]Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET/CT demonstrated potential in predicting therapy response in HER2-positive lesions. The overall lesion detectability was 91% [95% confidence interval (CI), 81-98%] for HER2-positive BC. HER2-positive BC lesions exhibited significantly higher maximum standardized uptake values compared to HER2-negative lesions, with a weighted mean difference of 2.14 (95% CI, 0.18-4.09; P = 0.03). These findings underscore the need for further large-scale and prospective investigations of this promising radiotracer in the near future.

The primary objective of this study was to explore the prognostic significance of serum cholinesterase (CHE) and metabolic parameters obtained from 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/computed tomography (CT) scans in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

To investigate the effects of selenium on functional and histopathological changes and mRNA expression levels of insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1 and -2) and aquaporins 4 and 5 (AQP-4 and -5) in 131I-induced damaged rat parotid glands.

The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the clinical utility of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose PET and computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) in detecting recurrence and metastasis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) who exhibit elevated levels of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA following treatment.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) underestimation represents a major pitfall of single-photon emission computed tomography-myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI). Coronary artery calcium score (CACS) has emerged as a sensitive tool for the assessment of suspect CAD; however, the integration of SPECT-MPI with CACS has been seldom evaluated, so far, and was therefore the aim of the present study.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an intervention for heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction who exhibit specific electrocardiographic indicators of electrical dyssynchrony. However, electrical dyssynchrony does not universally correspond to left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony (LVMD). Gated single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion allows for the assessment of LVMD, yet its role in the CRT selection process remains debated.

Radiation treatments [radiotherapy and radionuclide treatments (RNTs)] are one of the main and effective treatment modalities of cancer. Globally, the number of cancer patients treated with radionuclides are much less as compared to number of radiotherapy cases but with the development of new radiotracers, most notably 177Lu and 225Ac-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen ligands, and 223Ra-dichloride for prostate cancer and 177Lu-somatostatin analogs for neuroendocrine tumors, there is a significant rise in RNTs in the last decade. As therapeutic applications of nuclear medicine is on the rise, the aim of this review is to summarize biological responses to radiation treatments and molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced cell death (e.g. ionization, DNA damages such as double-strand breaks, DNA repair mechanisms, types of cell deaths such as apoptosis, necrosis, and immunogenic cell death), histopathological changes with radiation treatments, and role of PET imaging in RNTs as part of radionuclide theranostics for selecting and planning patients for RNTs, dosimetry, predicting and assessing response to RNTs, predicting toxicities, and other possible PET findings which may be seen after RNTs such as activation of immune system.

Hyperthyroidism, a prevalent endocrine disorder, disrupts metabolic balance and cardiovascular health, affecting millions globally. Radioactive iodine (RAI), a treatment for hyperthyroidism, employs high-energy beta particles to reduce thyroid tissue, lowering volume and hormone levels. This study utilizes bibliometric analysis to outline RAI's evolution and identify hotspots in hyperthyroidism treatment.

The objective of this study is to explore and compare the potential utility of fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) and fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography (CT) in assessing sarcopenia among patients with malignant tumors.

With the advancement of radiotherapy technology in the medical field, the amount of radioactive waste has rapidly increased, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has proposed waste deregulation standards based on individual dose, collective dose, and nuclide concentration. The purpose of this study is to define the standard period (1 day) required to measure collected radioactive waste using direct and indirect methods with a radioactivity meter, ensure that the radiation dose remains below the allowable level, and transport the waste safely. In this study, 131I low-dose (30 mCi) radioactive waste discarded after radioiodine treatment at a medical institution was collected, and a measuring container was prepared to measure radioactivity concentration according to IAEA standards. The experiments showed that the minimum number of days required for the contamination levels of the inner and outer parts of containers and therapeutic plastics to fall below the tolerance limit were 6, 1, and 5 days, respectively. Conversely, the contamination levels measured immediately after 131I treatments in the cases of Styrofoam and paper boxes were below the tolerance limit. The study emphasizes the need for a safe disposal process and active radioactive waste management operations by radioactive waste transporters by specifying the scope for safe transportation beyond the permissible limit.

This study aims to assess the role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/computed tomography (CT) in suspected recurrent ovarian carcinoma. Several clinical and PET parameters were assessed to evaluate disease burden and prognosis.

Diagnosis of early onset dementia is critical for initiating management. Although structural MRI is an established procedure for dementia evaluation, early cases may be missed. Neurodegenerative diseases lead to reductions in glucose consumption and grey matter volume loss. Our primary aim was to establish whether metabolic changes precede perfusion abnormalities in early cases of dementia especially, frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Secondly to study if cerebral atrophy using Pasquier visual rating scales can be used reliably to correlate with hypometabolism in this group of patients.

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) are closely related neurodegenerative conditions within the Lewy body spectrum. The relationship between DLB and PDD remains debated, with ongoing discussion about whether they are distinct diseases or different manifestations of the same disorder. This study aimed to identify differences in cerebral perfusion patterns between DLB and PDD patients. Single-photon emission computed tomography ethyl cysteinate dimer imaging was performed on each patient, and relative tracer uptake levels across 47 regions of interest and 240 subregions were analyzed. A two-sided Welch's t-test was employed to evaluate mean perfusion differences, with results further confirmed through a voxel-wise t-test mapping. The greatest difference in perfusion was in the visual cortices, with lower mean perfusion observed in PDD patients than those with DLB. However, no comparisons remained significant at the 0.05 significance level after adjusting for multiple comparisons with the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.