Assess the comparative accuracy and reliability of postoperative toric intraocular lens (TIOL) alignment measurement methods: Casia2 and Adobe Photoshop with digital slit lamp images (PS method). In a study of 41 subjects with 58 eyes postimplantation of TIOL, we independently measured TIOL alignment with Casia2 and PS methods. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was employed to assess the repeatability of the Casia2 method. While ICC for absolute agreement and Bland-Altman analysis were utilized to determine the interdevice agreement between the two methods, the regression analysis was conducted to identify any proportional bias. Casia2 demonstrated excellent intradevice repeatability with an ICC of 0.998. The absolute agreement between Casia2 and PS was very high with an ICC of 0.999. The average discrepancy between the two measurement methods was -0.828°, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) ranging from -1.623° to -0.032°. The 95% limits of agreement (LoA) were between -6.761° and 5.105°, indicating a strong concordance in TIOL alignment measurements. Casia2 was capable of accurately measuring the TIOL axis alignment under conditions of pupil diameters (PDs) of 4 mm or greater. Casia2 and PS demonstrated significant concordance in measuring postoperative TIOL alignment, with Casia2 offering a more straightforward and accessible alternative, particularly beneficial for patients with suboptimal pupil dilation.

iStent (Glaukos, San Clemente, CA, USA), a minimally invasive glaucoma device, reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by enhancing aqueous humor outflow when implanted into Schlemm's canal. Although it has demonstrated effectiveness in lowering IOP and slowing glaucoma progression, its applicability to the Taiwanese population, known for a higher incidence of normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) cases, requires validation. This retrospective case-control study, conducted from January 2018 to December 2020, aimed to assess the effectiveness of combining first-generation iStent with phacoemulsification (phaco-iStent) compared to phacoemulsification alone in Taiwanese patients diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and NTG, involving 71 eyes (iStent group: POAG 16 and NTG 8; control group: POAG 28 and NTG 19). The primary outcomes included changes in IOP and the number of antiglaucoma medications, with subgroup analyses for POAG and NTG. Over the 18-month follow-up, the iStent group achieved a significantly greater reduction in antiglaucoma medications compared with the control group ( value = 0.003∼<0.001) without significant IOP rebound. After adjusting for confounding factors, the reduction in the number of antiglaucoma medications with iStent remained significant ( = -0.8, < 0.001) according to the generalized estimating equation. At 18 months, the iStent group demonstrated higher qualified and complete success rates than the control group (73.3% vs. 16.7%, value = 0.001% and 53.3% vs. 0%, value = 0.002, respectively). Notably, the NTG-iStent subgroup achieved the highest complete success rate (85.7% at 18 months). In conclusion, phaco-iStent emerges as an effective standalone treatment for Taiwanese patients with POAG and NTG, providing substantial IOP reduction and higher success rates, especially in NTG cases. These findings propose that phaco-iStent could be a promising intervention for managing POAG and NTG within the Taiwanese population. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06630546.

Diving is an intense physical activity under hyperbaric and hyperoxic conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the long-term effects of diving on the thicknesses of retinal layers and retinal anatomy in professional deep and scuba divers. The study included 52 eyes of deep divers who dive to depths of more than 130 feet (ft), 49 eyes of scuba divers who dive up to 130 ft, and 66 eyes of the control group, consisting of nondiving but regularly exercising males. Measurements of macular retinal layer thicknesses, peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness, subfoveal choroidal thickness, and peripheral retinal examinations with scleral indentation were performed and statistically compared between the groups. The mean diving duration was 455.00 ± 318.88 h in deep divers and 451.67 ± 281.10 h in scuba divers. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was statistically significantly thicker in deep divers than in scuba divers and the control group on the 3 mm ring of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grid. Subfoveal choroidal thickness was significantly thicker in deep divers than in scuba divers ( < 0.05). RPE abnormalities showed a significant increase in both the deep and scuba diver groups (=0.01). An increased thickening of the subfoveal choroid and RPE, resembling pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy, was detected in deep divers over a long-term duration.

To report the refractive outcomes of StreamLight transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). A retrospective case series was conducted which included a total of 205 eyes of 109 patients who underwent StreamLight transepithelial PRK using the Alcon Wavelight EX500 excimer laser. All eyes had myopia or myopic astigmatism, and the preoperative spherical equivalent (SEQ) ranged from -0.63D to -7.25D. The primary postoperative outcomes were UDVA, CDVA and subjective refraction measured at least 3 months postoperatively. Postoperatively, 196 eyes (95.6%) had a UDVA of 20/20 or better. The mean SEQ was -0.05 ± 0.31D and 189 eyes (92.2%) were within ±0.50D of the target SEQ. The mean refractive astigmatism was -0.28 ± 0.27D, and 181 eyes (88.3%) had ≤ 0.50D of astigmatism. The mean safety and efficacy indices were 1.01 ± 0.08 and 0.97 ± 0.12, respectively. Eight eyes lost 1 line of CDVA. Six of these were noted to have significant dry eyes and 2 had corneal haze. No eye lost two or more lines of CDVA. StreamLight transepithelial PRK results in excellent refractive outcomes for myopia and myopic astigmatism.

Caffeine, the most widely consumed psychoactive drug globally, has been associated with vascular changes in various organs, including the retina. Researchers have reported vascular constriction in the retina in response to caffeine, although data on its effects remain limited and somewhat contradictory. Further research is needed to clarify the specific impact of caffeine on retinal blood vessels and its potential implications for ocular health. To investigate the effects of 200 mg of caffeine on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and retinal vessel density (VD) assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Prospective randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled, IRB-approved study in 59 healthy low caffeine users (< 136 mg of caffeine daily). Baseline 3 × 3 and 6 × 6 mm OCTA scans centered on the fovea as well as a 6 × 6 mm scans centered on the optic nerve head (ONH) were obtained. Participants were randomly assigned into caffeine group (CG,  = 42) receiving 200 mg caffeine pill or placebo group (PG,  = 17). OCTA scans were repeated at 60 and 120 min after intervention. VD was measured with Advanced Retina Imaging (ARI) network software (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) for superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP). SBP/DBP readings were recorded before each imaging session. Ordinary one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of each group was performed using GraphPad Prism Version 9.3.0. Both groups had comparable demographics and OCTA parameters at baseline. Two hours after intervention, the CG had a significantly higher SBP (123 ± 7 mmHg) and DBP (81 ± 5 mmHg) compared to the control group (118 ± 7 mmHg, 77 ± 6 mmHg) ( value = 0.012, 0.023). Regarding the OCTA VD metrics, there were no significant differences in VD between the caffeine and placebo groups, regardless of whether the scans were centered on the macula or ONH. Additionally, the comparison across different OCTA scan modalities, specifically the 3 × 3 mm and 6 × 6 mm scans, showed no discernible differences among groups. In conclusion, 200 mg of caffeine elevated blood pressure after 2 h but did not impact the retinal VD. This underscores the intricate relationship between caffeine, blood pressure, and retinal vascular dynamics, prompting further exploration of their implications for ocular health, especially in subjects with vascular disease.

The effect of the Rho-kinase inhibitor ripasudil on the retinal optic nerve fiber layer (RNFL) remains unclear. We aimed to determine this effect in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements and linear mixed analysis. This study prospectively included outpatients from a single center with POAG without a history of vitreoretinal or glaucoma surgery from December 2014 to June 2020, in whom the circumpapillary RNFL thickness (cpRNFLT) was measured more than three times before and after ripasudil initiation, without additional medication or surgery during the period. Measurements were performed using OCT in the follow-up mode. The cpRNFLT change rates were compared before and after treatment using linear mixed models with adjustments for intraocular pressure (IOP) changes. Thirty eyes of 20 patients (12 males and eight females) were included. Upon ripasudil prescription, the average cpRNFLT was 60.2 ± 2.1 μm. The average IOP was 15.1 ± 0.5 and 13.5 ± 0.5 mmHg, respectively, before and after treatment initiation, with a difference of -1.6 ± 0.3 mmHg. Analysis of 343 cpRNFLT measurements using linear mixed models revealed that the cpRNFLT change rate was -0.91 ± 0.15 and -0.40 ± 0.14 μm/year, respectively, before and after treatment onset, with an increase of 0.51 ± 0.21 μm/year. After adjusting for IOP changes, the improvement in cpRNFLT change rate was 0.33 ± 0.23 μm/year, albeit not statistically significant. The cpRNFLT change rate significantly increased after ripasudil administration, whereas the contribution of the IOP decline was not significant.

This study aims to analyze the prevalence and severity of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and glistening in a new hydrophobic biaspheric monofocal intraocular lens (IOLs) 24 months after implantation. By means of a ambispective, observational, case-control design, a total of 297 eyes from 200 cataract surgery patients were included in the study (118 females and 82 males; mean age: 72.31 ± 9.87 years, ranging from 35 to 92) and examined at the Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, Valencia (Spain). Data corresponding to patients implanted with either Asqelio (Study IOL) or Clareon (Control IOL) monofocal IOLs at least 24 months prior to study visit were analyzed. Prevalence and intensity of PCO and IOL glistening were determined and graded for both groups by a single masked observer. Refractive outcomes by autorefractometry, visual acuity, and wavefront aberrations determined by ray tracing were also measured and compared. Prevalence of PCO in patients implanted with the Study IOL 24 months after implantation was 4.0%, lower than that for the Control IOL. Intensity of PCO in both groups was low. One lens in each group presented a Grade 1 glistening after 24 months from implantation. Differences in visual acuity between Study and Control Groups were not significant (=0.260 and 0.115 for UDVA and CVA, respectively). Residual spherical aberration was significantly lower in the Study Group than that in the Control Group (=0.007). Prevalence of PCO was considerably lower for Asqelio IOL than for the Control IOL and reports available in the literature for other hydrophobic IOLs. Prevalence of glistening was minimal in both study and control IOLs. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04971863.

To retrospectively analyze clinical outcomes of patients with "treatment-resistant" neovascular age-related macular degeneration or diabetic macular edema who were switched to intravitreal faricimab injections (IFIs) using a "real-world" treat-and-extend (TAE) protocol. Seventy-one eyes from 62 patients receiving antivascular endothelial growth factor injections were evaluated before and after switching to IFI. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Primary endpoints were treatment interval extension and presence of intraretinal or subretinal fluid on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) after switching to IFI. Secondary endpoints included best-corrected visual acuity, average OCT central subfield thickness, and presence of a pigment epithelium detachment and pigment epithelium detachment height. The average treatment interval after switching to IFI significantly increased from 37.6 ± 10.8 days to 45.2 ± 16.6 days ( = 0.0016). At the last follow-up, 35% of eyes were able to achieve a fluid-free status post-IFI. A chi-square test of independence validated this finding by showing a significant difference in the OCT findings trending towards less or no fluid on follow-up ( [3,  = 71] = 13.0705;  = 0.0003). The average central subfield thickness decreased from 327.2 ± 89.1 m to 294.8 ± 86.5 m ( = 0.0294). Best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, pigment epithelium detachment presence, and height had no significant difference after switching to IFI. In "treatment-resistant" patients receiving anti-VEGF therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration or diabetic macular edema, switching to IFI in a "real-world" TAE protocol led to statistically significant improvements in treatment interval and retinal fluid on spectral domain OCT.

We sought to compare the effect of cyclosporine 0.1% after various pretreatments in patients with dry eye disease. Two hundred seventy-four eyes of 137 patients diagnosed with dry eye disease were retrospectively enrolled. Thirty patients (Group 1, 60 eyes) were not pretreated, while 68 patients (Group 2, 136 eyes) were pretreated with fluorometholone 0.1%, and 39 patients (Group 3, 78 eyes) were pretreated with cyclosporine 0.05% before treatment with cyclosporine 0.1%. The Ocular Surface Disease Index Questionnaire (OSDI) score, Schirmer I test result, noninvasive tear film break-up time (NItBUT), corneal staining score, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) grade, meibography result, meibum quality and expressibility scores, and tear meniscus height were examined before treatment and at 1, 2, and 3 months after treatment. All dry eye signs and symptoms of all Groups at 1, 2, and 3 months were significantly improved compared to those before treatment with cyclosporine 0.1% ( < 0.05). Notably, the OSDI score, Schirmer I test result, NItBUT, corneal and conjunctival fluorescein score, and MMP-9 grade in Group 3 were significantly improved compared to those in Groups 1 and 2 at 1, 2, and 3 months after treatment with cyclosporine 0.1% ( < 0.05). The percentages of cases with treatment discontinuation in Groups 1, 2, and 3 were 20.0%, 7.4%, and 10.0%, respectively. Pretreatment with cyclosporine 0.05% can augment the anti-inflammatory effect of cyclosporine 0.1%. Pretreatment with a steroid or a lower concentration of cyclosporine can increase compliance in patients using a cyclosporine 0.1% eye drop.

To analyze patients' quality of life (QOL) after laser vision correction (LVC) from a worldwide literature review. Studies of prospective or cross-sectional design which evaluated QOL in patients after LVC and compared that to preoperative values or a matched group of emmetropes were included. The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest were searched for relevant articles published until February 2024. The fixed- or random-effects models were used to estimate the weighted mean difference (WMD) for postoperative QOL changes. Meta-regression was conducted for adjusting the effects of potential confounders. A total of 11 peer-reviewed articles (1753 patients) were included in the study. LVC improved QOL of patients at one (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.60), three (SMD = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.55, 1.50), and six months after surgery (SMD = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.30, 1.11). In meta-regression analysis, QOL improvement was lower in older patients compared to younger ones ( = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.11, -0.01). Also, no statistically significant difference was noted while comparing QOL in post-laser refractive surgery patients and emmetropes (SMD = -0.44, 95% CI: -0.95, 0.07). Patients undergoing LVC experience significant improvements in QOL, particularly in younger subjects, and achieve comparable QOL to individuals with emmetropia.

Severe dry eye disease (DED) is an inflammatory condition characterized by a lack of sufficient moisture or lubrication on the surface of the eye, significantly impacting the quality of life and visual function. Since detrimental immune response is crucially responsible for the development and aggravation of DED, therapeutic agents which modulate phenotype and function of eye-infiltrated inflammatory immune cells could be used for the treatment of severe DED. Due to their potent immunomodulatory properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent potentially new remedies for the treatment of inflammatory eye diseases. The majority of MSC-sourced bioactive factors are contained within MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos), nano-sized extracellular vesicles which, due to their nanosize dimension and lipid envelope, easily by pass all biological barriers in the body and deliver their cargo directly into the target immune cells. MSC-Exos contain a variety of bioactive proteins (growth factors, immunoregulatory molecules, cytokines, and chemokines) lipids, and microRNAs (miRNAs) which affect viability, proliferation, phenotype, and function of eye-infiltrated immune cells. Accordingly, MSC-Exos may modulate the progression of inflammatory eye diseases, including DED. Therefore, in this review article, we summarized the current knowledge regarding molecular and cellular mechanisms which were responsible for trophic, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, and regenerative properties of MSC-Exos in the treatment of severe DED. For this purpose, an extensive literature review was carried out in February 2024 across several databases (Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar), from 2000 to the present. Eligible studies delineated molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the MSC-Exos-based modulation of immune cell-driven eye inflammation in DED, and their findings were analyzed in this review. Results obtained in these studies demonstrated beneficial effects of MSC-Exos in the treatment of severe DED, paving the way for their future clinical use in ophthalmology. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04213248, NCT06475027, NCT06543667, NCT05738629.

To investigate the correlation between corneal biomechanical characteristics and refractive status in adolescents aged 5-13 years. A cross-sectional study involved 339 children aged 5-13 with a spherical equivalent (SE) range from -6.00 to +2.00 diopters. Axial length (AL) was measured by IOL Master, corneal biomechanical parameters by Corvis ST, and anterior segment parameters by Pentacam. According to SE of right eye, the subjects were divided into moderate myopia, mild myopia, and emmetropia group. The correlation between AL and SE and corneal biomechanical parameters was analyzed. The corneal biomechanical parameters of the three groups were also compared. The A2V value in the moderate myopia group was significantly lower than that in both the mild group and emmetropia group ( < 0.001). PD in the moderate group was higher than that in the mild group ( < 0.05), while PD in mild myopia was higher than that in emmetropia ( < 0.05). The SSI in the emmetropia group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups (all < 0.001), and the SSI in the mild group was higher than that in the moderate group ( < 0.01). The A2V value in the 11-13 years old group was lower than that in the 5-7 years old group ( < 0.001) and 8-10 years old group ( < 0.01). PD in the 11-13 years old group was significantly higher than that in the 8-10 years old group ( < 0.001), and PD in the 8-10 years old group was significantly higher than that in the 5-7 years old group ( < 0.01). The SSI in the 5-7 years old group was significantly higher than that in the 8-10 years old group ( < 0.001), and the SSI in the 8-10 years old group was significantly higher than that in the 11-13 years old group ( < 0.05). AL was positively correlated with PD and negatively correlated with SSI and A2V. SE was positively correlated with A2V and SSI and negatively correlated with PD. Corneal stiffness seems to decrease with the increase of SE. The changes of SSI, PD, and A2V were statistically significant and can be predictors of myopia progression in adolescents aged 5-13 years.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder affecting millions worldwide. Inflammation plays a central role in DED. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the literature concerning the efficacy and safety of lifitegrast, a small molecule immunomodulator that blocks the action of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1. Studies were identified using PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, six of which were randomized controlled trials. The articles were assessed regarding the effect of lifitegrast on symptoms and signs of DED, its usefulness compared to other treatments, and potential adverse events. The analysis demonstrated positive effects of lifitegrast on subjective and objective parameters of DED in the selected studies. However, despite promising results, the included studies did not provide enough evidence to conclude that lifitegrast could outperform other treatments of DED. No major side effects were reported. Based on the current literature, we conclude that lifitegrast could improve various parameters of DED. Still, larger controlled trials are required to establish additional benefits of this medication beyond those of other DED treatments.

Glaucoma stands as a prominent contributor to irreversible vision impairment on a global scale. For decades, the Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant (BGI) has been used to treat refractory glaucoma. Yet, the cost-effective Aurolab Aqueous Drainage Implant (AADI) has gained clinical attention as a viable alternative for managing glaucoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of AADI and BGI in the treatment of refractory glaucoma. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic search of multiple databases, identifying relevant comparative studies assessing AADI versus BGI in patients with refractory glaucoma. Key outcomes included postoperative IOP, surgical success rates, antiglaucoma medication reduction (AGMR), and complication rates. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Three studies comprised a total of 176 individuals with refractory glaucoma, with 107 patients receiving the AADI and 69 patients receiving the BGI. The meta-analysis revealed a statistically borderline significant reduction in postoperative IOP favoring the AADI at 3 months (mean difference [MD] = -2.74, =0.05). There was no significant difference in the MD of AGMR between the AADI and BGI groups. The rates of total complications and surgical success did not differ significantly between the AADI and BGI groups. AADI demonstrates promising results in reducing IOP at 3 months compared to BGI, with comparable surgical outcomes and complication rates over the long term. Further studies with larger samples are warranted to validate these findings and assess cost-effectiveness, particularly in developing countries.

To evaluate the two-year fundus examination outcomes of term infants undergoing eye screening. Retrospective review of our data of term infants at a tertiary care center (Ankara Bilkent City Hospital) from October 2021 to October 2023. All screened infants underwent red reflex test and dilated posterior segment examination. Abnormal ocular findings were documented using smartphone-based imaging system. A total of 5527 full-term babies were enrolled to the study. Abnormal ocular findings were observed in 1031 newborns (18.6%), the most common of which were retinal white lesions in the peripheral retina (13%) ( = 720) and posterior segment hemorrhages (4.3%) ( = 243). Other findings included congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium ( = 14), choroidal nevus ( = 11), idiopathic peripheral retinal scar ( = 9), chorioretinal coloboma ( = 6), optic nerve coloboma ( = 4), familial exudative vitreoretinopathy ( = 4), optic nerve large cup ( = 2), optic nerve hypoplasia ( = 2), retinal calcification ( = 2), optic nerve pit ( = 2), morning glory disc anomaly ( = 1), vascular loop on the optic disc ( = 1), retinoblastoma ( = 1), X-linked retinoschisis ( = 1), congenital toxoplasmosis ( = 1), thread-shaped white lesion ( = 1), combined hamartoma of the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium ( = 1), foveal hypoplasia ( = 1), retinal dystrophy ( = 1), and astrocytic hamartoma ( = 1). Detailed eye examinations of term infants can reveal a range of ocular and/or systemic abnormalities that would not be caught through pupillary red reflex test. Smartphone-based fundus imaging is a simple and effective method for documenting findings.

The maintenance of corneal transparency and normal vision is dependent on preservation of epithelial and endothelial cell layer homeostases. Different types of corneal injury can induce swelling and losses in transparency. Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is one type of injury that is commonly treated with rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors. While their clinical benefit is apparent, certain aspects of their mechanism of action require clarification. Specifically, although topical eye drops containing ROCK inhibitors have been employed to treat corneal endothelial dysfunction-associated corneal edema, it remains unclear whether interactions between both corneal epithelial and endothelial cell contribute to mitigating clinical signs that compromise normal vision. To address this question, we first review the intricate ROCK signaling pathways and their role in modulating a variety of functions that are related to the maintenance of corneal transparency and normal vision. We also review the results of ongoing clinical trials employing current FDA-approved ROCK inhibitors, highlighting the prominent role of Y-27632 in the treatment of a variety of ocular conditions, particularly FECD, and its promising results in reversing losses in normal vision through facilitating cell proliferation and suppressing apoptosis. This review shows that the ROCK inhibitor clinical benefit is affected by their interactions between the epithelium and the endothelium. This realization makes it likely that ROCK inhibitors will be approved for use in a clinical setting to treat FECD.

This study aimed to compare ocular torsion measurements to investigate normative objective cyclotorsion values in a population of healthy, full-term and preterm children. The participants enrolled in this study had an age range of 3-12 years and were divided into two groups, full-term (gestational age (GA) > 37 weeks) and preterm without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (GA ≤ 37 weeks). The disc-center-fovea angle (DFA) was used to evaluate ocular torsion using two different imaging modalities: optical coherence tomography (OCT) with a 55-degree field of view (FV) and conventional fundus photography (CFP) with a 45-degree FV. The values measured from both right and left eyes were combined to obtain a single value to compensate for the effect of head tilt during measurement. A total of 86 full-term and 145 preterm children were enrolled in this study. The DFAs measured using OCT and CFP were -11.57° ± 5.27° and -12.07° ± 5.66° in the full-term group and -10.64° ± 5.40° and -11.25° ± 4.80° in the preterm group, respectively. There were no significant differences between the results obtained from OCT and CFP in the two groups (=0.109 and =0.512, respectively). There was a strong correlation between OCT and CFP in all patients, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.74 and an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.74 (both < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the average axial length (AXL) was associated with DFA. This study found a significant correlation between DFA measured using OCT and CFP, making either measurement modality feasible in pediatric populations. There was no significant difference in the DFA between full-term and preterm children. AXL demonstrated an association with the DFA.

This systematic review aims to consolidate key findings regarding the efficacy of pain relief medications administered prior to pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) for diabetic retinopathy (DR).

To describe the clinical patterns and visual outcomes of pediatric uveitis at a tertiary referral center in East China. Retrospective case series. Clinical records of patients with pediatric uveitis who presented between January 2014 and July 2021 were reviewed. The children included ( = 283; 146 females, 137 males) had a mean age at presentation of 10.6 ± 3.5 years. There was a predominance of chronic (62.9%), noninfectious (81.3%) disease, and anterior uveitis was the most common uveitis type (54.8%). Idiopathic chronic anterior uveitis (17.3%) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)-associated anterior uveitis (16.3%) were the most common noninfectious types; ocular toxocariasis (14.8%) and viral retinitis (1.4%) were the most common infectious etiologies. Ocular complications were observed in 53.0% of patients during follow-up. Systemic immunosuppressive therapy was administered to 66.8% of patients, 67.2% of whom required immunosuppressive drugs and/or biological agents (127/189 children). Surgical treatment was conducted in 38 (13.4%) patients. Improvement or preservation of visual acuity was observed in 95.2% of patients for whom follow-up visual acuity was recorded (179/188 patients). Pediatric uveitis was predominantly chronic and noninfectious, with anterior involvement. Systemic therapy was required by most patients, and most eyes showed improved visual acuity.

No consensus has been reached on the adequate dose of mitomycin C (MMC) in XEN45 gel stent implantation. Lower doses have the potential to reduce MMC-linked side effects. This study aimed to evaluate treatment efficacy of ab interno XEN45 gel stent in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with three different MMC doses. This retrospective single-centre nonrandomised trail included 54 patients (56 eyes) who underwent XEN45 gel stent implantation for POAG with above-target intraocular pressure (IOP) under medical therapy. Eyes were grouped according to the received MMC dose: Group 1 (20 g;  = 21), Group 2 (10 g;  = 14) and Group 3 (5 g;  = 21). The primary endpoint was the mean IOP change in the three MMC dose groups after 6, 12 and 24 months. Secondary endpoints included the success rate defined as lowering of baseline IOP ≥ 20% and below a cut-off IOP set at three different levels: ≤ 18, ≤ 16 and ≤ 14 mmHg (Criteriums 1, 2 and 3), the mean number of ocular hypotensive medications and the frequency of needling procedures. After 24 months, the overall mean (standard error) IOP was significantly reduced from 24.7 (0.9) mmHg to 15.2 (0.7) mmHg ( < 0.0001). The average IOP change (standard error) in MMC dose groups 1, 2 and 3 was -8.6 (2) mmHg, -10.1 (2.1) mmHg and -10.4 (2.8) mmHg. Complete success (Criterium 1) was achieved in 50%, 62% and 43% of the eyes in groups 1, 2 and 3. No statistically significant difference was found within the first 24 months between the three MMC dose groups for IOP change, success rate, number of ocular hypotensive medications and the frequency of needling procedures. XE45 was effective in all three dose groups. As the success rate did not significantly differ between the MMC doses, these results may support the use of the lowest dose. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: 559/2016BO2.

To analyze the refractive accuracy of a novel swept-source optical coherence biometer (SS-OCT), that uses individual refractive indices to measure axial length, in short and long eyes implanted with monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). This retrospective comparative study considered eyes with short axial length (AL) (< 22.5 mm) or long AL (> 26 mm) bilaterally implanted with the Acrysof IQ monofocal IOL. All eyes were preoperatively analyzed with the Argos biometer and IOL calculations were made using the Barrett Universal II (BUII). One month after the surgery, refractive and visual outcomes and refractive prediction errors were calculated. Furthermore, a back calculation of the prediction errors based on the Barrett True Axial Length (BTAL) formula was also performed and the results of both formulas were compared. Sixty eyes of 60 patients (30 with AL < 22.5 mm (short) and 30 with AL > 26 mm (long)) were included. After surgery, monocular UDVA was 0.03 ± 0.10 and 0.10 ± 0.15 logMAR for short-eye and long-eye groups, respectively. For short eyes, mean prediction error (MPE) with BUII and BTAL were 0.19 ± 0.34 D and 0.00 ± 0.35 D, respectively (  <  0.001). Mean absolute error (MAE) was 0.32 ± 0.22 D with the BUII and 0.29 ± 0.20 D with the BTAL formula (=0.21). For long eyes, MPE with BUII was -0.15 ± 0.35 D and -0.13 ± 0.36 D with BTAL (=0.08), while MAE was 0.31 ± 0.21 D and 0.32 ± 0.20 D with BUII and BTAL, respectively (=0.33). The percentage of eyes with a prediction error within ±0.5 D predicted postop spherical equivalent was > 75% for both groups and both formulas ( > 0.05 for all situations). The novel SS-OCT biometer using individual refractive indices to measure AL showed an overall good refractive accuracy using the BUII. The results were similar or better with the optimized BTAL formula, suggesting that formulas purposely designed for biometric measurements with this novel technology are a promising tool for eyes with extreme AL.